中国が展開する擬似「満洲国」政策－－北朝鮮、モンゴル、ミャンマーに見る 從北韓、蒙古、緬甸看中國所採用的類「滿洲國」政策

Abstract

中国は活発な外交政策と急激に増大した軍事・経済力を使い、地政学的に重要で鉱物資源も豊富だが国際的に孤立または政治的に脆弱な北朝鮮、ミャンマーやモンゴル等の国々に極めて高度な戦略的政策を採っている。かつての日本の満洲国政策を「資源開発の為の大 型経済インフラ投資、経済的利権を守る為の軍事介入、傀儡政権の擁立などによる政治社会的併呑」と特徴づけるなら、現在中国が地政学的に重要な周辺諸国に対して採っている戦略は、擬似「満洲国」政策とも解釈できる。それは、後発でまだ相対的に弱小な帝国が 、米英など既存の帝国との直接衝突を避けながら漸進的に自国の利権を拡大する為の、極めて巧妙で戦略的なステルス型（密やかな）帝国主義の方策であった。現在の中国の擬似満洲国政策も、独占的資源確保と中国製品市場の拡大を、軍事力の直接行使でなく、極め て巧妙で高度に政治的戦略的手法によって獲得する「新帝国主義」と指摘することができる。 北韓、緬甸及蒙古等國在地緣政治學上對中國非常重要，礦產豐富，但在國際上被孤立，而且政治上相當不穩，對這些國家，中國以其活潑的外交政策及快速增加的軍事經濟力量，採用了非常高度戰略性的政策。如果我們將以前日本的滿州國政策的特徵概述如下：「為開採資源的大型經濟基礎建設，為保護經濟特權的軍事介入，擁立傀儡政權等政治社會的併吞」，那麼現在中國對地緣政治學上的重要周邊諸國所採用的戰略，也可以解釋為類「滿洲國」的政策。也就是，後起且相對弱小的帝國，一方面避免直接和英美等現存的帝國直接衝突，漸進式的擴大本國特權之極其巧妙且戰略性的隱匿型（秘密的）帝國主義的方式。現在中國的類滿洲國政策也是「新帝國主義」，不直接行使軍力，而用非常巧妙的高度政治性的戰略手法取得獨占資源的確保以及中國產品市場的擴大。Taking advantage of its rapidly expanding economic and military power, China is posing a highly aggressive stance to the neighboring countries geopolitically important to China, which are also rich in natural resources yet institutionally vulnerable. North Korea is an extreme case, and the countries` developments also have implications to Myanmar and Mongolia. In this paper, Japan`s Manchukuo policy in the 1930s is defined as: 1) huge investment in economic infrastructure for extracting local natural resources, 2) using military interventions to secure economic interests, and 3) socialpolitical absorption by staging a puppet regime, among others. China`s current strategy toward its neighboring countries can well be explained with such a historical model. In retrospect, Japan`s Manchukuo policy was a sophisticated strategic measure of stealth imperialism for a relatively weak latecomer imperial power trying to expand its own interests discreetly and incrementally by avoiding direct confrontation with established imperial powers such as Great Britain and the United States. Likewise, China`s Quasi-Manchukuo strategy is a measure of stealth imperialism for latecomer China to expand its vested interests while avoiding immediate confrontation with other major powers over strategically vital countries such as North Korea and Burma. Against such background, a rising China is in fact a new-imperial power.

Taking advantage of its rapidly expanding economic and military power, China is posing a highly aggressive stance to the neighboring countries geopolitically important to China, which are also rich in natural resources yet institutionally vulnerable. North Korea is an extreme case, and the countries` developments also have implications to Myanmar and Mongolia. In this paper, Japan`s Manchukuo policy in the 1930s is defined as: 1) huge investment in economic infrastructure for extracting local natural resources, 2) using military interventions to secure economic interests, and 3) socialpolitical absorption by staging a puppet regime, among others. China`s current strategy toward its neighboring countries can well be explained with such a historical model. In retrospect, Japan`s Manchukuo policy was a sophisticated strategic measure of stealth imperialism for a relatively weak latecomer imperial power trying to expand its own interests discreetly and incrementally by avoiding direct confrontation with established imperial powers such as Great Britain and the United States. Likewise, China`s Quasi-Manchukuo strategy is a measure of stealth imperialism for latecomer China to expand its vested interests while avoiding immediate confrontation with other major powers over strategically vital countries such as North Korea and Burma. Against such background, a rising China is in fact a new-imperial power.