馬來西亞華人認同之世代變遷

Abstract

馬來西亞至今已獨立58年，國內族群的問題一直備受矚。然而，回顧馬來西亞華人身份認同研究，主要從歷史脈絡結構下詮釋，缺乏經驗性研究。伴隨著世代的改變，馬來西亞華人身份認同亦可能隨之改變。本研究主要探究當今馬來西亞華人是否仍強調華人的概念以及在文化認同上是否認知為中華文化，以及影響該認同之因素。協商式認同是一種建構式認同，主要認為透過國家的主導以及社會環境可影響民眾的認同。有鑑於此，吾人認為不同世代華裔隨著國家政策與社會環境影響下，年長世代華裔與年輕世代華裔在身份與文化認同上有所差異。本文研究以馬六甲為例，在研究途徑上分成三種方式，分別是「非結構性訪談」、「內容分析法」、「參與觀察法」以探究該因果關係。吾人發現，在身份認同上，年長世代認為華人與中國人沒有差別，且他們較重視華人身份。反觀，年輕世代則認為兩者皆有差別，同時他們不太重視華人認同，傾向強調馬來西亞國家認同。至於在文化認同方面，年長世代認為中華文化等同於華人文化，且較重視華人文化，反之年輕世代則認為華人文化屬於馬來西亞文化一部分並不太重視華人文化。造成各世代認同的差異的因素主要是家庭教育、教育類別、接觸非華裔頻率、居住地區等。另一方面，倘若觀察年輕世代會館參與狀況，亦可顯現出年輕世代華裔缺乏華人文化認同，因而不投入會館，促使會館無法透過活動強化年輕世代對於華人文化的認同，並造成會館沒落的趨勢。最後，從馬來西亞報章脈絡變化，從早期偏中國化報章並於獨立時期轉向偏馬來西亞化，無論是編寫格式或內容版面差異，亦可了解年輕世代華裔缺乏華人身份與文化認同的原因。由於年長世代經歷中國模式報章，因此強化他們華人認同。反之，年輕世代則浸溺在馬來西亞模式的報章中，強化了他們的馬來西亞人認同。綜合而言，基於國家的政策主導與社會環境的影響，促使年輕世代的華裔產生新的認同，即：不太重視華人認同，反之被國族認同取代。反觀，年長世代則維繫著以往研究成果所指出，較強調華人認同。

Malaysia had already independence for 58 years, but the ethnic problem is still the most important issue. When reviewing the research about the Malaysia Chinese identity, we can know that, most of the researches were from the historical structure annotation, therefore which lack of experience research. The main of this thesis is to explore the Malaysia Chinese will emphasize the Chinese identity or not based on the difference in generation and ideas. And what’s the reason affect the difference generation self-identity? Furthermore, in the idea of culture, what is the differences between Malaysia culture and Chinese culture thinking by Malaysia Chinese? And what’s the reason affect the difference generation thinking about the culture? Negotiating identity is an identity which constructs with civil society and political life, thus I think Malaysia Chinese in self-identity might be changed by the generation differences. This thesis use a case of Malacca city, in approaches, use the “nondirective interview”, “participant observation”, “content analysis”, to explore the relationship between Chinese identity and the affect reason. We found that, difference in generation who culture identity and Chinese identity are different, older generations think Malaysian Chinese & China people are the same and they will emphasize more on Chinese identity. On the contrary, younger generations think Malaysian Chinese & China people are different, and they won’t emphasize on Chinese identity conversely emphasize more on the national identity (Malaysia identity).The factor of affecting are family effects, educational effects, relationship with another ethnic, the region which stay, etc. Moreover, through observed the Chinese group also realized that, younger generations lack of participation in the Chinese group. This means younger generation scarcity the Chinese identity, thus Chinese group becomes wane. Finally, the analysis of Malaysian newspapers also ascertain that, older newspapers reported more on the news of China, thus strengthen older generations emphasize the Chinese identity. The other hand, newer newspapers reported more on the news of Malaysia, thenceforth created younger generations who are more emphasize on Malaysian identity.