Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111575| 題名: | 工作家庭衝突、心理資源及關係損耗：一項日記型的研究 Work-family conflict, psychological resources, and relationship depletion: a diary study |
作者: | 林廉峻 Lin, Lien-Chun |
貢獻者: | 郭建志 Kuo, Chien-Chih 林廉峻 Lin, Lien-Chun |
關鍵詞: | 工作家庭衝突 心理資源 反芻 日記型研究 Work-family conflict Psychological resources Rumination Diary study |
日期: | 2017 | 上傳時間: | 31-七月-2017 | 摘要: | 工作家庭衝突領域之研究已有豐富的理論與成果，探討短時間內工作家庭衝突隨著工作者所處環境與心理歷程的動態發展亦成為新興趨勢。本研究採用資源保存理論的觀點，認為工作者每日隨職家環境與認知歷程而變動的狀態性心理資源，能中介工作家庭衝突與工作者在職場與家庭中人際行為表現的關係，並提出反芻作為情境變項，驗證個體不同類型的認知思考對每日工作家庭衝突與關係損耗間的調節作用 \n本研究採用日記型研究法，首先進行前測調查，並隨後進行一周連續五個工作日的日記型問卷調查，研究資料共有96名受試者，433筆有效樣本，結果採取階層線性模型分析之。研究發現，每日的工作家庭衝突與家庭工作衝突皆顯著預測當日與主管、同事、與家人的關係損耗，並預測當日更低的自我效能。在反芻部分，負向反芻能降低工作者每日家庭對工作衝突與家人關係損耗的負向關係；問題解決反芻能降低工作者每日工作對家庭衝突與家人關係損耗的負向關係。其結果顯示，每日工作家庭衝突與個人自我調節資源有正向關聯，而透過不同的反芻型態，則能夠減緩衝突對於家人關係的負向影響。 | 參考文獻: | 林惠彥、高旭繁、馮輝棋 （2013）。同酬也要同工：組織公平知覺對國小教師的職家衝突與後果之調節。商略學報，5（2），137-152。\n吳宗祐與鄭伯壎. （2006）. 難應付客戶頻次 知覺服務訓練效用兩者及情緒勞動與情緒耗竭之關係-“資源保存理論” 的觀點. 管理學報, 23（5）, 581-599. \n郭建志、林姿葶、許文耀（2014）。職場心理健康促進策略之分析。勞動部勞動安全與職業衛生研究所\n郭建志、林姿葶、許文耀（2015）。職場心理健康評估指標與評量工具之建立。勞動部勞動安全與職業衛生研究所\n郭建志與許文耀（2016）。建置我國友善職場之內涵概念與推動架構。勞動部勞動安全與職業衛生研究所\nAdams, G. A., & Jex, S. M. (1999). Relationships between time management, control, work-family conflict, and strain. Journal of Ocupational Halth Pychology, 4, 72-77.\nAirila, A., Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., Luukkonen, R., Punakallio, A., & Lusa, S. (2014). Are job and personal resources associated with work ability 10 years later? The mediating role of work engagement. Work & Stress, 28(1), 87-105.\nAllen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vcational Bhavior, 58(3), 414-435.\nAllen, T. D., & Armstrong, J. (2006). Further examination of the link between work-family conflict and physical health the role of health-related behaviors. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(9), 1204-1221.\nAllis, P., & O`Driscoll, M. (2008). Positive effects of nonwork-to-work facilitation on well-being in work, family and personal domains. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 273-291.\nAmstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151-169. doi: 10.1037/a0022170\nBakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2016). Job Demands–Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 251-269..doi: 10.1037/ocp0000056\nBaltes, B. B., & Heydens-Gahir, H. A. (2003). Reduction of work-family conflict through the use of selection, optimization, and compensation behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 1005-1034.\nBarnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American psychologist, 56(10), 781-786.\nBassiri, D. (1988). Large and small sample properties of maximum likelihood estimates for the hierarchical linear model(Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University).\nBaumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Self-regulation and the executive function of the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney, Handbook of self and identity(pp. 197-217). New York, NY: Guilford.\nBeal, D. J., Weiss, H. M., Barros, E., & MacDermid, S. M. (2005). An episodic process model of affective influences on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1054-1074.\nBolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 579-616.\nBushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Pedersen, W. C., Vasquez, E. A., & Miller, N. (2005). Chewing on it can chew you up: effects of rumination on triggered displaced aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 969-1013.\nByron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169-198.\nCarlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249-276.\nCiarocco, N. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2010). Some good news about rumination: Task-focused thinking after failure facilitates performance improvement. Journal of Social and Clinical psychology, 29(10), 1057-1085.\nClark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment, 41(68), 22-54.\nCompas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological bulletin, 127(1), 87-112.\nCropley, M., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2011). Work and Rumination. In J. Langan-Fox, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of stress in the occupations. (pp. 487-503). Cheltenham [etc.]: Edward Elgar.\nCropley, M., Dijk, D. J., & Stanley, N. (2006). Job strain, work rumination, and sleep in school teachers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(2), 181-196.\nCropley, M., Dijk, D. J., & Stanley, N. (2006). Job strain, work rumination, and sleep in school teachers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(2), 181-196.\nCullen, J. C., & Hammer, L. B. (2007). Developing and testing a theoretical model linking work-family conflict to employee safety. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 266-285.\nDavidson, R. J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J. B., & Putnam, K. (2002). Depression: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual review of psychology, 53(1), 545-574.\nDemerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Bulters, A. J. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work–home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 131-149.\nDemerouti, E., Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Petrou, P., & van den Heuvel, M. (2016). How Work–Self Conflict/Facilitation Influences Exhaustion and Task Performance: A Three-Wave Study on the Role of Personal Resources. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21 (4):391-402 doi: 10.1037/ocp0000022\nDeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Stillman, T. F., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 62-76.\nEdwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178-199.\nFolkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992-1021.\nFriede, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2005). The Importance of the Individual: How Self-Evaluations Influence the Work-Family Interface. Lawrence, MA: Erlbaum Associates Publishers.\nFritz, H. L. (1999). Rumination and adjustment to a first coronary event. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61(1), 105-119.\nFrone, M. R., Russell, M., & Barnes, G. M. (1996). Work–family conflict, gender, and health-related outcomes: A study of employed parents in two community samples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 57-69.\nFrone, M. R. (2003). Predictors of overall and on-the-job substance use among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(1), 39-54.\nFrone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-78.\nFuller, B., Kagan, S. L., Loeb, S., & Chang, Y. W. (2004). Child care quality: Centers and home settings that serve poor families. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(4), 505-527.\nGallagher, T. H., Mello, M. M., Levinson, W., Wynia, M. K., Sachdeva, A. K., Snyder Sulmasy, L., & Bell, S. K. (2013). Talking with patients about other clinicians` errors. The New England Journal of Medicine,369(18): 1752-1784.\nGanster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work stress and employee health. Journal of management, 17(2), 235-271.\nGarnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual differences, 30(8), 1311-1327.\nGelso, C. J. (1979). Research in counseling: Methodological and professional issues. The Counseling Psychologist, 8(3), 7-36.\nGeurts, S. A., & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: A review of theories and findings. The handbook of work and health psychology, 2, 279-312.\nGorgievsky, M.J. and Hobfoll, S.E. (2008), Work can burn us out and fire us up: conservation of resources in burnout and engagement. in Halbesleben, J.R.B. (Ed.), Handbook of Stress and Burnout in Healthcare(pp. 7-22). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.\nGottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: a longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 47-68.\nGrandey, A. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 350-370.\nGrandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005). Must" service with a smile" be stressful? The moderating role of personal control for American and French employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 893-924.\nGreenbaum, R. L., Quade, M. J., Mawritz, M. B., Kim, J., & Crosby, D. (2014). When the customer is unethical: the explanatory role of employee emotional exhaustion onto work–family conflict, relationship conflict with coworkers, and job neglect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1188.\nGreenhaus, J. H., & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work-family balance: A review and extension of the literature. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 165-183.\nGreenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88.\nGreenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (2002). The allocation of time to work and family roles. In Nelson, Debra L. (Ed); Burke, Ronald J. (Ed). (2002). Gender, work stress, and health , (pp. 115-128). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.\nGreenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of management review, 31(1), 72-92.\nGross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291.\nGross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 348-362.\nHanson, G. C., & Hammer, L. B. (2006). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work-family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 249-65.\nHill, E. J. (2005). Work-family facilitation and conflict, working fathers and mothers, work-family stressors and support. Journal of Family issues, 26(6), 793-819.\nHobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.\nHobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 632-43.\nJamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., Blackstock, E., & Schmader, T. (2010). Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: Reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 208-212.\nJehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative science quarterly,40(2) 256-282.\nJudge, T. A., Ilies, R., & Scott, B. A. (2006). Work–family conflict and emotions: Effects at work and at home. Personnel Psychology, 59(4), 779-814.\nKahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. American Sociological Review, (1) ,1105-1123.doi: 2307/2091375\nKing, D. B., & DeLongis, A. (1989). When couples disconnect: Rumination and withdrawal as maladaptive responses to everyday stress. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 460-479.\nKlinger, E. (1975). Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological review, 82(1), 1-25.\nKohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1982). Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American journal of Sociology, 87(6), 1257-1286.\nLai, J. C., Cheung, H., Lee, W. M., & Yu, H. (1998). The utility of the revised Life Orientation Test to measure optimism among Hong Kong Chinese. International Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 45-56.\nLarsen, A. S., & Olson, D. H. (1989). Predicting marital satisfaction using PREPARE: A replication study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 15(3), 311-322.\nLlorens, S., Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist?. Computers in human behavior, 23(1), 825-841.\nLuthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: toward a micro‐intervention. Journal of organizational behavior, 27(3), 387-393.\nMaas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2004). The influence of violations of assumptions on multilevel parameter estimates and their standard errors. Computational statistics & data analysis, 46(3), 427-440.\nMartin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. Advances in social cognition, 9, 1-47.\nMartin, L. L., Tesser, A., & McIntosh, W. D. (1993). Wanting but not having: The effects of unattained goals on thoughts and feelings. In D. M. Wegner, & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of Mental Control (pp. 552-572). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.\nMartinez-Corts, I., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Boz, M. (2015). Spillover of interpersonal conflicts from work into nonwork: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(3), 326-345.\nMatthews, R. A., Swody, C. A., & Barnes‐Farrell, J. L. (2012). Work hours and work–family conflict: The double‐edged sword of involvement in work and family. Stress and Health, 28(3), 234-247.\nMesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of vocational behavior, 67(2), 215-232.\nMikulincer, M. (1996). Attachment working models and the sense of trust: An exploration of interaction goals and affect regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1209-1246.\nMitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1182.\nMoen, P., & Yu, Y. (2000). Effective work/life strategies: Working couples, work conditions, gender, and life quality. Social problems, 47(3), 291-326.\nMossholder, K. W., Bedeian, A. G., & Armenakis, A. A. (1981). Role perceptions, satisfaction, and performance: Moderating effects of self-esteem and organizational level. Organizational behavior and human performance, 28(2), 224-234.\nMulki, J. P., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. B. (2006). Emotional exhaustion and organizational deviance: Can the right job and a leader`s style make a difference?. Journal of Business Research, 59(12), 1222-1230.\nMuraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?. Psychological bulletin, 126(2), 247-269.\nNezlek, J. B., & Kuppens, P. (2008). Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life. Journal of personality, 76(3), 561-580.\nNicolai, K. A., Laney, T., & Mezulis, A. H. (2013). Different stressors, different strategies, different outcomes: how domain-specific stress responses differentially predict depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42(8), 1183-1193.\nNiven, K., Sprigg, C. A., Armitage, C. J., & Satchwell, A. (2013). Ruminative thinking exacerbates the negative effects of workplace violence. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 86(1), 67-84.\nNolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(5), 400-424.\nNolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(5), 400-424.\nOhly, S., Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Zapf, D. (2010). Diary studies in organizational research. Journal of Personnel Psychology,8(2), 79-93\nParasuraman, S., Purohit, Y. S., Godshalk, V. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1996). Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3), 275-300.\nPravettoni, G., Cropley, M., Leotta, S. N., & Bagnara, S. (2007). The differential role of mental rumination among industrial and knowledge workers. Ergonomics, 50(11), 1931-1940.\nQuerstret, D., & Cropley, M. (2012). Exploring the relationship between work-related rumination, sleep quality, and work-related fatigue. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(3), 341-53.\nRay, R. D., Ochsner, K. N., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Gabrieli, J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2005). Individual differences in trait rumination and the neural systems supporting cognitive reappraisal. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5(2), 156-168.\nRosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American sociological review, 60(1), 141-156.\nSamson, A. C., Huber, O., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Emotion regulation in Asperger`s syndrome and high-functioning autism. Emotion, 12(4), 659-681.\nScheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4(3), 219-232.\nScheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self‐Consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use with General Populations1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687-699.\nSchwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: Nfer-Nelson.\nSmith, J. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2009). A roadmap to rumination: A review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct. Clinical Pychology Rview, 29(2), 116-128.\nSonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of applied psychology, 88(3), 518-532.\nSonnentag, S., Unger, D., & Rothe, E. (2017). Recovery and the Work–Family Interface. The Oxford Handbook of Work and Family, 95.\nSpector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356-67.\nSyrek, C. J., & Antoni, C. H. (2014). Unfinished tasks foster rumination and impair sleeping—Particularly if leaders have high performance expectations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(4), 490-499.\nSyrek, C. J., Weigelt, O., Peifer, C., & Antoni, C. H. (2016). Zeigarnik’s sleepless nights: how unfinished tasks at the end of the week impair employee sleep on the weekend through rumination. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(2), 225-237.\nTedeschi, J. T., & Felson, R. B. (1994). Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.\nten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). A resource perspective on the work–home interface: The work–home resources model. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545-591.\nvan Jaarsveld, D. D., Walker, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management, 36(6), 1486-1504.\nWagner, D. T., Barnes, C. M., & Scott, B. A. (2014). Driving it home: How workplace emotional labor harms employee home life. Personnel Psychology, 67, 487–516.\nWang, M., Liao, H., Zhan, Y., & Shi, J. (2011). Daily customer mistreatment and employee sabotage against customers: Examining emotion and resource perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 312-334.\nWatkins, E. (2004). Appraisals and strategies associated with rumination and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 679-694.\nWatkins, E. R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 24-45.\nWayne, J. H., Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, D. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2007). Work–family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human resource management review, 17(1), 63-76.\nWells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behaviour research and therapy, 34(11), 881-888.\nXanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Jurnal of Sress Mnagement, 14(2), 121-145.\nXanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational behavior, 74(3), 235-244.\nXanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 82(1), 183-200.\nXanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(4), 489-517.\nZapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M. (1996). Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: a review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(2), 145-169.\nZhang, J. X., & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38(3), 174-181. \nZohar, D., Tzischinski, O., & Epstein, R. (2003). Effects of energy availability on immediate and delayed emotional reactions to work events. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 1082-1093. | 描述: | 碩士 國立政治大學 輔導與諮商碩士學位學程(MPCG) 102172005 |
資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1021720051 | 資料類型: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | 學位論文 |
Show full item record
Google ScholarTM
Check
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.