里斯本條約後歐洲安全的重構

Abstract

歐洲統合是一個不斷地在理想化與務實性、進步性與妥協性之間求取平衡以朝向「更為緊密的聯盟」為長期目標的動態進程，而在歐洲聯盟架構下所簽訂的各條約即是此進程的重要產物。為了進一步統合，歐盟試圖推動凸顯超國家主義的歐盟憲法條約，但在遭遇挫敗後，歐盟隨即以較具政府間主義特質的里斯本條約加以取代，此一過程即見證了歐洲統合所彰顯的妥協與平衡。尤其在最具主權敏感爭議的安全政策方面，里約試圖在維持會員國對各自在安全政策主導權的堅持，以及藉由會員國與機制間合作以提昇效率，此兩者之間尋求平衡；里約的設計也同時強調對內機制治理能力與政策一致性的提升，與對外集體身份建構與行動能力的強化；里約亦著眼於內部安全與外部安全的「去支柱化」，以凸顯歐盟將「公民」與「軍事」特質加以融合的新身份認同建構。 本研究的主要目的，即在於透過對於里斯本條約在安全政策規範與實踐的檢驗，以探尋在此高度主權敏感議題的整合發展過程中，歐盟的安全政策如何在政府間主義與超國家主義之間尋求動態平衡與妥協，以及如此的平衡是否促進歐盟進一步的統合。本研究首先探討，歐盟如何藉由「條約化」來試圖解決統合進程中的治理困境，並進而提供歐盟安全政策深化合作的基礎；其次，本研究探究里斯本條約產生的背景與發展，以及里約在安全政策合作的實踐；另外，里約在內部安全與外部安全之間介面的運作，亦是本研究試圖瞭解歐盟如何擴大安全合作的研究焦點；之後，本研究綜合分析里約對於歐盟安全政策整合的影響，並以此檢驗里約在維持會員國主導與聯盟凝聚力平衡的擺盪位置。綜合而言，里約提供歐盟安全政策統合經由不斷實踐向「共同體方法」決策模式傾斜的機會，里約雖刻意避開超國家主義爭議，但亦已偏離傳統的政府間主義，而是朝向一個得以兼顧會員國與歐盟互享利益的「布魯塞爾化」治理模式。

The key purpose of this research is to explore how the EU’s security policy seeks dynamic compromise and balance between inter-governmentalism and supra-nationalism and what impacts such a balancing would have on the union’s further cooperation, through the examination of the highly sensitive dimension of integration process focusing on the normalisation and practice of security policy concerning the Lisbon Treaty. This study firstly analyses how the EU strives to solve dilemma of governance through treaties-making whereby its security cooperation could be consolidated. It also inspects the background, development, and practice of the Lisbon Treaty concerning security policy. In addition, the interface of internal and external security provided by the Lisbon Treaty is also a focus of this research to understand the broadening of EU security integration. This research concludes with the overall review of the impacts of the Lisbon Treaty on EU’s security cooperation as a whole, in conjunction with the identifying of the volatile positioning of the Lisbon Treaty in the spectrum between sovereign predominance and union coherence. To sum up, the Lisbon Treaty offers opportunities for the inclination towards the “community method” of EU’s security policy through persistent practice in a way that would evade the controversies of supra-nationalism while also deviating the conventional inter-governmentalism. In this sense, the Lisbon Treaty has prompted the EU security cooperation to move towards the model of “Brusselisation” that delicately maintains the mutual interests of the individual member states and the EU in general.