農地利用、農業環境公共財供應集體行動之研究－兼論OECD新鄉村典範在台灣的適用性(I)

Abstract

農業環境公共財（如生物多樣性、涵養水源、減緩氣候變遷、維護農業地景等）乃農民於利用農地過程與所處鄉村環境、整體社會、生計生活交互孕育而生。故為獲取更多的農業環境公共財，勢須集結同一地區農民與其他利益相關者，展開集體行動方能致之。其次，現今鄉村地區面臨人口外移、老化、平均勞動生產力偏低、整體公共服務水準低落等問題，使鄉村發展衰退，故為解決此問題，OECD建立新鄉村典範，強調宜納入與整合各方的投資，展開公私協力與集體行動。 基此，本研究挑選宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村、臺中市霧峰區、花蓮壽豐鄉豐山社區等案例，因其皆面臨鄉村發展衰退問題，故參與政府所推動的農村再生政策，執行農村再生計畫，或支持政府的農地利用政策，推動成立農業相關專區（如農業經營專區、作物集團栽培區、休閒農業區等），期能促進鄉村發展，維護農地資源，提供農業環境公共財。 因此，本研究將以集體行動、OECD 新鄉村典範為理論基礎，探討如何藉由集體行動，保護和改善農地環境，及促進鄉村的永續發展。具體而言，選擇上述3個案例，探討其農村再生計畫、農業相關專區及有機或友善農業推動與執行的集體行動過程中產生之效益、課題分析，其是否具備集體行動成功的關鍵要素或新鄉村典範的核心要素，最終提出農村再生與農地利用政策的改進建議，研擬促進集體行動以提供農業相關公共財的策略原則，並釐清其農村再生計畫與新鄉村典範之理念異同，兼論新鄉村典範於台灣的適用性。

Agri-environmental public goods is provided by the interaction between farmers and the rural environment, entire society, and household while farmers utilize farmland. Therefore, in order to gain more agri-environmental goods, agents based on individual farmers start to collectively associate with farmers and stakeholders in the same region. Besides, nowadays rural areas are facing problems of population emigration, aging, average labor force productivity decrease, entire public service standard downward, and so on that force rural area decline. Therefore, OECD establishes new rural paradigm(NRP) to solve above problems of which emphasize collaboration between public and private sectors and collective action, and also contain and integrate investment from each sectors. Under the above consideration, this study picks Sanxing Community, Shigang Community, Tafalong Community, and Fenshang Community as study cases which are all facing rural area decline so that they all join Rural Regeneration Project. Four communities support government’s farmland use policy to establish Agricultural Operation Designate Areas where four communities’ residents wish to advocate rural development, preserve farmland resources, and provide agri-environmental public goods. Thus, this study selects the four communities to discuss the effect of running Rural Regeneration Project and Agricultural Operation Designate Areas on the theoretical basis of collective action and OECD’s New Rural Paradigm. This study is going to clarify similarities and dissimilarities between Rural Regeneration Project and OECD’s New Rural Paradigm as well as analyze if OECD’s cases have key factors to make collective action successful. Eventually, this study will provide suggestions to improve Rural Regeneration Project and farmland use policy, formulate strategies and regulations for providing agricultural related public goods by collective action, and also expound the adaptability of NRP to promote in Taiwan.