Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125597
題名: 遷徙自由的倫理學:以歐盟和英國脫歐為例
Ethics of Free Movement: Cases of the EU and Brexit
作者: 張均
Chang, Chun
貢獻者: 王華
Wang, Hua
張均
Chang, Chun
關鍵詞: 遷徙自由
政治自由主義
社群主義
民族主義
歐盟
英國脫歐
free movement
libertarianism
communitarianism
nationalism
European Union
Brexit
日期: 2019
上傳時間: 5-Sep-2019
摘要: 在本文中,我將闡述遷徙自由的倫理,特別是在經濟移民脈絡下的內在價值及外在價值,我認為國家有道德責任接受經濟條件不佳且掙扎求生的移民,在一個經濟發展條件極度不均的世界,出生地國家幾乎決定我們一生中能夠獲取的資源,因此遷徙自由是改變局勢和實現分配正義的方式,然而,遷徙自由並不意味其他價值,例如主權、文化或國家認同在“開放邊界”的政策下被犧牲,在移民基本需求獲得滿足沒有困難的情況下,各國應擁有主權,在合理狀況下防止移民進入,我稱這個立場為「封閉邊界」。「開放邊界」與「封閉邊界」隱含著「政治自由主義」和「社群主義」的觀點,兩者差別在於對不同價值的重視程度。開放邊界倡導者重視分配正義和自由多過於主權,因此他們認為即使一個人的生存並不會馬上受到威脅,只要移入國比移出國經濟條件有顯著富裕,那麼接受國就不能拒絕這個移民除非有其他合理正當的理由,相較之下,從社群主義的角度來看,保持社群的完整性的價值高於分配正義,因此就算移入國比移民者母國的經濟條件富裕,移入國也沒有道德上的義務接受他。\n我將在此文分析這兩個立場擁護的價值,「開放邊界」的立場強調平等和自由是人類生活中最基本的價值觀,因此,開放邊界是為了讓那些不擁有某些國家出生公民身份的人也能像那些人一樣享受資源。它體現了平等和行動自由。相比之下,「封閉邊界」的位置強調了社群的特質以及其所代表的價值觀。由於民族國家是一個政治共同體,它涉及對人類生活至關重要的價值觀,開放邊界很可能會破壞這些價值觀。因此,有人認為,為了保護這些價值觀,民族國家有權關閉其邊界。這兩種思路都反映了對人類至關重要的問題,但是,在做出道德判斷時,應該考慮脈絡。因此,我使用歐洲一體化(特別是歐盟的基礎)和英國脫歐作為例證,檢視兩個立場在實際案例中帶來的實際影響。歐盟代表著開放邊界的理念,該地區的人民享有遷徙自由和其帶來的價值。然而,英國脫歐揭示了想要保持國家完整性的反撲,拒絕犧牲一定程度的主權以換取潛在的繁榮,因為自決社群的價值可能超過其他價值。將實際案例添加到分析中的目的並不是說現實勝過規範性,而是理解真實情況有助於我們在具體情境中評估價值。\n總的來說,我認為國家是否應該接受經濟移民應該基於移民在經濟上處於不利地位的水平以及接受國的經濟和社會強度
In this thesis I will elaborate the ethics of free movement, including its instrumental values and intrinsic value in the context of economic immigrants. I argue that there is a moral justification for states to accept immigrants who live in countries with poor economic situations and struggle for survival. Since we live in an extremely unbalanced economic world where birth citizenship almost determines the resources we are able to get in our lives, free movement is a means to alter the situation and to achieve distributive justice. However, to emphasize the values of free movement does not mean other values such as sovereignty, culture or national identity which may be undermined because of the “open borders” policy should not be embraced. Under the condition that the potential immigrants have no difficulty acquiring basic needs, states should still hold the sovereign power to prevent them from entering their borders based on proper justifications. I call this position “closed borders”. The hidden perspectives of the “open borders” and “closed borders” are libertarianism and communitarianism respectively. The fundamental difference between “open borders” and “closed borders” policy lies in how much weight they give to different values. Advocates for open borders value distributive justice and freedom over sovereignty, and therefore, they argue that even one is not under immediate threat to survival, as long as the accepting country is conspicuously wealthier than the sending country, then the accepting country cannot reject the potential immigrant unless there are valid reasons for them to do so. In contrast, from a communitarian perspective of view, the value of keeping a community integrated is higher than distributive justice, and therefore, even a state is much wealthier than a potential immigrant’s original state, there is no moral requirement for a state to accept him.\nI will analyze the two positions and the different values stressed by them respectively. The “open borders” position emphasizes that equality and freedom are the most fundamental values in human lives. Therefore, to open borders is to allow those who do not own birth citizenship of certain states to also enjoy the resources as those who do. It exemplifies equality and freedom of movement. In contrast, the “closed borders” position emphasizes the features of a community, and the values embedded in it. Since a nation-state is a political community, it involves values that are vital to human lives, and to open borders will very likely undermine these values. Therefore, it is argued that a nation-state, in order to preserve these values, has the right to close its borders. Both lines of thoughts reflect issues of fundamental importance to human beings; however, when making moral judgements, contexts should be taken into consideration. Therefore, I use the European integration (particularly the foundation of the EU) and Brexit as illustrations to see what may happen as a result of the ideas from the two positions being implemented in reality. The EU represents the idea of open borders so that people within the region enjoy free movement and the values brought by it. However, Brexit reveals the counter force that wants to retain the integrity of the state, rejecting the sacrifice of a certain level of sovereignty in exchange for potential prosperity since the values of a self-determined community can outweigh other values. The purpose of adding the real cases to the analysis is not to say that reality triumphs over normativity but that understanding the real situation helps us evaluate values in concrete contexts.\nTo conclude, I argue that whether states should accept economic immigrants or not should be based on both the levels of how economically disadvantaged the immigrants are and how economically and socially strong the accepting states are.
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描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學系
105154002
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105154002
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

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