電動汽車儲能對電網售電營運模式之成本有效性分析

Abstract

隨著近年來越來越多再生能源加入電網，電力產業需要儲能設備平衡電網供需，以維持電力系統的穩定度。電力產業除了建置電池儲能系統，可以選擇電動汽車的電池作為儲能設備之替代方案。電動汽車可以藉由車對電網(Vehicle to Grid, V2G)的技術，當不作為交通用途使用時，電動汽車的電池扣除移動所需之容量，可以藉由整合商聚集大規模數量之電動汽車，便可以提供可觀的儲存量能，對於電力公司可以節省建置儲能設備之成本，整合商、電動汽車車主可以從V2G的商業模式中獲益。本研究分析台灣電動汽車參與V2G商業模式之下，相對於傳統汽車之成本有效性分析。\n本研究首先比較電動汽車與傳統汽車之差異，釐清電動汽車所需考慮之成本項目以及如何估算；接著說明電動汽車與V2G的商業模式，探討V2G營運模式如何興起，而電動汽車如何從其營運模式中獲益；最後解釋V2G的概念，為電動汽車參與V2G商業模式提供相關技術背景架構。\n本研究的研究方法是成本效益分析中的成本有效性分析法，分別計算傳統汽車以及電動汽車之使用成本，對於車主自己以及整體社會之影響，並考量免除電動汽車牌照稅以及電動汽車參與V2G商業模式對於使用成本之改變。\n本研究結果顯示，從汽車車主觀點，Nissan Leaf的使用成本低於110萬以上傳統汽車，而當同時免除電動汽車牌照稅、電動汽車參與V2G商業模式時，Tesla Model 3的使用成本僅高於70萬以上傳統汽車之使用成本。對於整體社會而言，Nissan Leaf的使用成本低於110萬以上傳統汽車的使用成本，Tesla Model 3的使用成本低於130萬以上傳統汽車的使用成本。電動汽車參與V2G商業模式時，對於整體社會而言，兩款電動汽車的使用成本皆低於90萬以上傳統汽車德使用成本。本研究最後針對電動汽車V2G商業模式加以引申探討其經濟意涵。

With more and more renewable energy feed-in to the grid in recent years, the power industry needs energy storage equipment to balance the supply and demand to maintain the stability of the power system. Without energy storage equipment, the power industry can choose the battery of the electric vehicle as an alternative. Electric vehicles can provide its battery capacity deducted from required for movement when it is not used for transportation purposes by Vehicle to Gird (V2G) technology. Aggregators can integrate the large number of electric vehicles so that can provide considerable storage capacity. Power companies can save on the cost of building energy storage equipment and aggregators and electric vehicle owners can benefit from V2G`s business model. The purpose of this study is to analyzes the cost-effectiveness of Taiwan`s electric vehicles under V2G’s business model compared to traditional vehicles.\nFirst of all, this study compares the differences between electric vehicles and traditional vehicles, clarifies the cost items needed to be considered for electric vehicles and how to estimate them. Secondly, this study explains what is the V2G model, describes how this model is emerging, and how electric vehicles can benefit from it. Finally, this study explains the concept of vehicle to grid, and provides relevant technical background for the V2G model of electric vehicles.\nThe research method of this study is the cost-effectiveness analysis. By simulating the influence on the car owners and the society as a whole when car owners’ purchasing electric cars comparing to traditional cars. On the other hand, this study considers exemption of electric vehicle license tax and electric vehicles benefit from V2G business model as changes in net present value and benefit-cost ratio.\nThe results of this study show that for car owners, only the cost of using 1.1 million traditional car owners are lower than Nissan Leaf. When the electric vehicle license tax is waived and electric vehicles participate in the V2G business model, only the cost of using 700,000 traditional car owners lower than Tesla Model 3. For the whole society, the cost of using Nissan Leaf is lower than 1.1 million traditional car, and the cost of using Tesla Model 3 is lower than 1.3 million traditional car. When electric vehicles participate in the V2G business model, it is lower cost for the whole society to have these two kinds of electric vehicles than 900,000 traditional cars. Finally, this study infers economic implications of the V2G business model for electric vehicles.