勞動市場彈性安全--荷蘭及丹麥經驗之省思

Abstract

全球化影響下，造成企業型態改變，並對生產技術、資本自由流通與勞動力流動有極大的影響，同時，也使得國與國之間的競爭愈形激烈。因此許多國家，特別是歐洲福利國家，開始對勞動市場進行調整，並且對社會福利而做大幅度的變革，期望能夠藉此提高國際競爭力。在這些改革國家當中，以荷蘭與丹麥受到最多的關注，兩國在歐盟會員國中，有相當好的經濟成長率並維持低失業率，且兩國的勞工皆處於彈性化勞動市場，卻都還能保有其社會安全，因此在國際社會中，被視為施行彈性安全模式的典範。\n 本研究發現，（1）社會福利部分，雖然外界對於彈性安全多有正面的評價，但是荷蘭與丹麥社會福利卻是不斷的在縮減，不論是在給付金額或是在給付期間；（2）勞動市場的雇用形式，兩國呈現出迥然不同的發展，荷蘭的勞動市場朝向部分工時的方向發展，丹麥則呈現出平均任期短、流動性高（即轉職頻繁）及全職雇用為主的勞動市場發展趨勢；（3）在勞動市場的所得分配部分，兩國的勞動市場的不平等現象增加。\n 本文必須要強調，彈性安全之間的抵換看似公平，但其實並不然，這是值得我們深思。若台灣未來朝向彈性安全的方向發展，本文提出的相關建議如下，集體協商的力量，在我國一直都不被重視，也常常被忽略，不論是荷蘭或丹麥，其都有相當強大的集體協商力量，我國應該更重視勞工集體協商的權利，努力朝此一集體協商方向發展。其次，對於台灣日益擴大的非典型勞動僱用，應該要有更具體與周延的保護措施，以確保這些類型勞工不會因此而被不公平的對待。最後，我國需進一步的加強社會安全體制，惟有完善完整的社會安全體制，才有資格與空間來進行彈性化，否則在現階段的社會安全體制下，放寬管制、推動彈性化，對於勞動者而言，無疑是走在一條幾乎沒有的安全網的鋼索上，稍有不慎，便是粉身碎骨。

The business patterns, production technique, the free flow of capital and labour mobility have been changed because of the globalization. At the same time, competition among the countries is increasingly. Many countries, especially the European welfare state, have began relaxing the labour law, meaning deregulation the labour such as free dismissal, flexible working hours etc,. They also have changed the social welfare substantially, including the unemployment payment. Through these measures which expect the country competitions will be improved. Among these reform countries, Dutch and Denmark surprised other countries, when many countries are suffering from increasing unemployment rate and job decrease. The Netherlands and Denmark are renowned as success example of combining flexibility and security both at the same time, in other words, success example of flexicurity.\nThrough this research, we found: 1.Social Welfare. Some international organizations deem flexicurity positive, however, in the Netherlands and Denmark, public welfare is reducing gradually, like social payment or the duration of payment. 2. Types of employ. The labor market in the Netherlands develops toward to part-time job hiring, but in Denmark shows short tenure, high labor mobility and full-time job hiring. These two countries show different developments. 3. Unfair earnings distributed in labor market, which occurs frequently in these two countries.\nThis article emphasize the flexicurity which looks fair, however it is not. That is what we concern about now. If Taiwan forwards to develop flexicurity, there are some related suggestions provided down below. Taiwan should pay more attention on the right of collective bargaining. Take Dutch or Denmark for example, the right of collective bargaining is quite powerful. We ought to strengthen this right of collective bargaining in the future. Furthermore, there are more and more atypical labours hiring in Taiwan. Concerning about this situation, we must set up specific and sound protect measures to make sure these types of labors will not be tricked unfairly. Last, our country, Taiwan, needs to enhance social security system. Under the sound and perfect system of social security, we are able to think about flexicurity. Otherwise, with this kind of social security, trying to set flexicurity into motion, for labours, is definitely not appropriate which is like walking on the cable wire without a safety net.