臺灣華語「在」構式的時空用法分析與應用

Abstract

本論文之目的在於探討「在」各種構式的概念、句式的意義以及語意上的各種分布，從語料中觀察母語人士和非母語人士「在」使用上的差異，並將研究結果應用於華語教材的設計中。研究者將先前關於「在」的詞類討論、構式的內容、句式義、相關變式的文獻做一整裡，發現過去「在」的研究多集中於語言現象的討論，在教學上的應用較少，於是運用認知功能學派的理論釐清「在」的概念、構式意義和功能後，調查語料庫「在」的語意和構式的分布，發現「在+處所」的構式無論是臺灣母語人士的語料庫還是中介語語料庫都顯示極高的頻率，占學習者書面語語料中的76.6％，口語語料也占了63.5％，其他語意範疇所占的比例不高，和母語人士相較下，調查結果顯示非母語人士在書面語上對「在」的使用掌握度不夠全面，仍停留在原型的語意，而口語的掌握度較高。因此，本文以構式語法和認知語言學的理論為基礎，一方面使用語料庫研究法考察語意範疇的分布，另一方面採用對比法研究檢視華語學習者的中介語句，並使用變換分析法討論句式變化的合理性，更進一步將構式、隱現、相關變式的考察成果結合認知功能教學法與任務式教學法，設計出符合認知功能主張的教材內容與練習，以幫助學生徹底掌握「在」構式的深刻內涵。

The purpose of this study is to investigate concepts associated with zài constructions, focusing on their different meanings and semantic distributions. Having observed native speakers’ and non-native speakers’ different performances in corpora, the researcher applies the study results to the design of Taiwan Mandarin teaching materials. After reviewing literature on discussions about part of speeches of zài, zài constructions, meanings of sentences and related transformations, the researcher discovers that previous studies have made more efforts to discuss linguistic phenomena rather than pedagogic applications. As a result, by utilizing the theories of cognitive-functional approaches to clarify the concepts, constructional meanings, and functions of zài, the researcher investigates the semantic and construction distributions of zài and finds out that “zài+ location” displays the highest frequency in both corpora of native and non-native speakers: 76.6％ in interlanguage corpora in form of written language and 63.5％ in interlanguage corpora in form of spoken language. Other semantic categories, however, have lower frequency. In addition, the result of investigation indicates that non-native speakers hardly master all dimensions of zài, and they still remain at the prototypical level in written language, but know spoken language better. Therefore, based on construction grammar and cognitive linguistics, this study on the one hand uses corpus study to inspect the distribution of semantic categories, and on the other hand, adopts contrastive study to inspect Mandarin learners’ interlanguage and employs transformation analysis to debate the rationality of transformation. Furthermore, the researcher, based on the results of studies on constructions, appearance and disappearance of zài , transformations with cognition-functional teaching methods and the task-based approach, designs contents and exercises conforming to cognition-functional approaches in order to help Mandarin learners know zài constructions thoroughly.