Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59000| 題名: | 1991年後印度孟買都會地區由種姓至階級的轉變 The Change from Caste to Class in Urban Area of Mumbai, India after 1991 |
作者: | 李青璇 Lee, Chingh Suan |
貢獻者: | 孫善豪 Sun, Shan Hao 李青璇 Lee, Chingh Suan |
關鍵詞: | 階級 種姓 孟買 class caste Mumbai |
日期: | 2012 | 上傳時間: | 23-七月-2013 | 摘要: | 印度自古以來有以人的血統微分類標準的階級制度，一般稱為種姓制度，這種制度由古典瓦爾納與迦提系統構成。這種制度可以挑戰嗎？印度自1991年後國內資訊傳遞與資本流通速度大於以往的情況下，處於越來越國際化的孟買都會地區的印度居民對於傳統的種姓制度有何看法？以「職業」為標準的階級體系是否超越傳統以「血統」為標準的價值呢？\n\n在本研究中，可以看到在都會地區的印度人不論在資訊取得、工作、婚姻三方面的生活情狀中，古典瓦爾納與迦提系統並非最重要的。於資訊的取得方面，高低種姓幾乎沒有任何差別。關於Srinivas所提出的「梵化」於這些人的狀況沒有詮釋能力；在教育方面，雖然原始屬於高種姓者的教育程度仍比低種姓者高，但低種姓者的教育程度與其父執輩相比有顯著的提高。種姓間學歷的絕對流動已經發生，相對流動很可能在孟買也已經發生；在工作方面，表現出工作取得與種姓、工作內容與種姓沒有深刻的關係。於孟買都會地區個人的最高學歷與專長較種姓階層更重要；婚姻的選擇上，對於傳統的安排有著排斥。選擇對象的來源與管道並非單一，金錢與感情基礎的考慮比血緣的考慮更多。受訪談者中已經發生違反傳統的婚姻。\n\n本研究顯示: 孟買都會區的人士並沒有依循古典瓦爾納制度生活，反而已經有不符合內婚制的情況發生: 職業與父輩並不相同、追求歐美式的生活且生活習慣日趨相近。因此，不論是維持古典瓦爾納制度或是迦提制度的職業限制或是血統限制於孟買都會區的約束力都大幅減弱。相反地，與個人教育程度、職業選擇、經濟能力有深度鏈結的階級制度，正在孟買都會區成形。 | 參考文獻: | 中文著述\n王樹英\n1995 〈主要宗教與民間信仰〉，收於《宗教與印度社會》，北京，中國華僑。\n尚會鵬\n2001 《種姓與印度教社會》，北京：北京大學出版社。\n\n中文譯著\nde Vau, David A. \n2006 《社會研究法的設計》，莊靜怡譯。台北縣：韋伯文化。\nKamdar, Mira\n2007 〈印度社會的哀愁〉，收於《印度衝擊：有了印度，誰還需要美國與中國？》，何霖譯，台北市：高寶國際；希代多媒體。\nLuce, Edward\n2009 〈正義之戰：印度低種姓的崛起〉，收於《印度的奇特崛起》，吳湘媚譯，台中市：晨星。\nMichi, Kaihata\n2008 《圖解印度》，王俞惠譯，台北縣：世潮。\n馬香雪(譯)\n1996 《摩奴法典》，北京：商務印書館。\n\n英文著述\nAmbedkar, B. R.\n2002 The Essential Writings of B. R. Ambedkar, edit. by V. Rodrigues, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nBailey, F. G. \n 1956 Caste and the Economic Frontier. A Village in Highland Orissa, Manchester: Manchester University Press.\nBalkin, J. \n1997 “Deconstructive Practice and Legal Theory ”, Yale Law Journa,l Issu.96.\nBeteille, A. \n1996 “Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village”, in Dailt Diary, by Chandra Bhan Orasad, Delhi: Oxford University Press.\nBlau, P. M., and O. D. Duncan. \n1967 “Measuring the Status of Occupation”, The American Occupational Structure, New York: Free Press.\n2008 “The process of stratification”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press. \nChandra, B. \n 1988 India`s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin.\nClark, T. N., and S. M. Lipset. \n1991 “Are social class dying?” International Sociology.\nClarke, K. \n1996 “Re-Viewing the Religion of the Paraiyars”, in Re-Visioning India`s Religious Traditions, edit by D. Scott and I. Selvanayagam. Bangalore: ISPCK. \nCox, Oliver. \n 1945 “Race and Caste: A Distinction”, The American Journal of Sociology, No.5.\nDavis, Donald R. \n 1999 “Recovering thelassical Hindu Law In Practice in Late Medieval Kerala.” Journal of Indian Philosophy, No.27.\nDeshpande, A. \n 2000 “Does Caste Still Define Disparity? A Look at Inequality in Kersls, India”, American Economic Review, Issu.90, No.2.\nDeshpande, S. \n2003 Contemporary India: A sociological View. New Delhi: Viking Penguin.\nDirks, N.\n1989 “The Invention of Caste: Civil Society in Colonial India” Social Analysis, Issu.25.\nDumont, Louis.\n1980 Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications, tran. Mark Sainsbury, Chicago: Chicago University Press.\nDumont, Louis, A. Reuck, and J. Knight.\n1967 Caste: A phenomenon of Social Structure or an Aspect of Indian Culture? London: J.&A. Churchill.\nErikson, Robert, and John H. Goldthorpe.\n1992 “Industrial Society and Social Mobility” ,The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies, Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nFernandes, L.\n2006 India’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Regime, Mineapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\nGakanter, M.\n1984 “Competing Equalities”, Law and the Backward Classes in India, Berkeley: University of California Press.\nGandhi, M. \n1985 Caste v. Class. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.\nGoldfield, M.\n1987 The Decline of Organised Labour in the US, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nGoldthorpe, J. H., and G. Marshall. \n1992 “The Promising Future of Class Analysis: A Response to Recent Critiques”, Sociology. \nGoldthorpe, J. H.; Llewellyn, C. and Payne, C. \n1987 Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nGranville, Austin. \n2002 The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation , Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nHout, M.; Brooks, C. and Manza, J. \n1993 “Classes in Post-industrial A Society” , International Sociology. \nIyer, R. \n1987 The Moral and Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi . Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nKane, Pandurang Vaman.\n1968 History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 5, Pune: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.\nKeane, David. \n2007 Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law,Ashgate Punbishing Limited.\nKlass, M. \n1980 Caste: The Emergence of the South Asian Social System, Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.\nKolenda, P. \n1976 “Seven Types of Hierarchy in Homo Hierarchicus” Journal of Asian Studies, Issu.35, No. 4.\nLingat, R. \n1973 The Classical Law of India, Berkeley: University of California Press.\nLipner, J. \n1994 Hindus: Their Religious Belifs and Practices, London: Routledge.\nLorenzon, D.\n1999 “Who Invented Hinduism? ” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Issu. 41, No. 4.\nLubin, Timothy, Donald R. Davis,Jr.,, and Jayanth K. Krishnan \n2010 Hinduism and Law: An Introduction, Cambridge: Canbridge University Press.\nMajumdar, N. D. \n1958 Caste and Communication in an Indian Village, Bombay: Asia Publishing House.\nMann, M. \n1986 The Sources of Social Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nMarshall, G. \n1988 “Some Remarks on the Study of Sorking-Class Consciousness”, Social Stratification and Economic Change, by D. Rose. London: Hutchinson.\nMarshall, P. \n1970 The British discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nMarx, Karl. \n2008 “Alienation and Social Classes”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press. \nMills, Wright C. \n2008 “The Power Elite”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press. \nMontagu, A. \n1947 “The Nature of Race relations”, Social Forces, Issu. 25, No. 3.\nMosca, Gaetano.\n2008 “The Ruling Class”, Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.\nNagarajan, V. \n1994 Origins of Hindu Social System, Nagpur: Dattsons.\nPahl, R. E. \n1984 Divisions of Labour, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.\n1989 “Is the Emperor Naked? Some Questions on the Adequacy of Sociological Theory in Urban and Regional Research”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.\nPanikkar, K. \n1933 Caste and Democracy, London: Hogarth Press.\nPrasad, C. \n2004 Dalit Diary 1999-2003, Pondicherry: Navayana.\nRedmond, T. \n2001 “Hinduism, Human Rights and the Barbarian Mind”, Trinity College Law Review, Issu. 4.\nReuck, A., J. Knight, and S. Tambiah. \n1967 A Comparative Approach to Caste and Race: Discussion, London: J.& A. Churchill.\nRisley, H. \n1901 Digital Colonial Documents. http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/census1901.htm.\nSarDesai, D.R. \n2008 India:the Diffinitive History, Philadelphia: Westview Press.\nSharma, A. \n2000 Classical Hindu Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nSingh, Ashish. \n2011 “Farm Income Inequality and the Role of Caste: New Evidence from India”, Economics Bulletin, Issu.10, No.11.\nSmart, N. \n1998 The World`s Religions, Cambridge: Cambridre University Press.\nSørensen, Aage B., and Aren L. Kalleberg. \n2008 “An Outline of a Theory of the Matching of Persons to Jobs”, Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky, Colorado: Westview Press.\nSrinivas, N. M. \n1966 Social Change in Modern India, Bombay: Orient Longman.\nStroope, Samuel. \n2011 Caste, Class, and Urbanization: The Shaping of Religious Community in Contemporary India, Waco: Springer.\nSubramaniam, C. \n2002 The Dhopal Declaration and a Tribal Fishworker`s Cooperative. http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/bhopal.htm.\nTreiman, Donald J. \n2008 “Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective”, Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.\nTreiman, Donald J., and Harry B.G. Ganzeboom. \n2000 “The Fourth Generation of Comparative Stratification Research”, The International Handbook of Sociology, edit. by Stella R. Quah and Arnaud Sales. Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.,. \nTreiman, Donald J., and K. B. Yip. \n1989 “Educational and Occupational Attainment in 21 countries”, Cross-National Research in Sociology.\nVajpeyi, Ananya. \n2010 “Sudradharma and Legal Treatments of Caste”, In Hinduism and Law: An Introduction, edit. by Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis and jayanth K. Krishnan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \nVarshney, Ashutosh, Khanna Tarun, and Iyer Lakshmi \n2011 Caste and Entrepreneurship in India, Boston: Harvard Business School.\nVivekananda, Swami. \n1989 Complete Works, Culcutta: Advaita Ashrama.\nWarrier, M. \n 2005 Hindu Selves in a Modern World: Guru faith in the Mata Amritanandamayi Mossion, New York: Routledge.\nWeber, M. \n1958 The Religion of Inida, New Delhi: Manoharlal.\n1968 “Open and Close Relationships”, in Economy and Society, edit. by G. Roth and C. Wittch, Berkeley: University of California Press.\n1978 “Class, Status Groups and Party” Max Weber: Selections in Translation, edit. by W. G. Ruciman, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \nWhaling, Frank. \n2010 “What is a Hindu?” Understanding Hinduism, Scotland: Dunedin Academic Press Ltd.,.\nWright, Erik O. \n1984 “A General Framework for the Analysis of Class Structure” , Politics and Society, Issu.13, pp.383-422. \n1994 Interrogating Inequality, London: Verso.\nZelliot, Eleanor. \n1996 From Untouchable to Dalit, New Delhi: Manohar.\n\n英文國際組織與政府出版物\nAmor, A. \n 1997 Visit to India . special UN, UN.\n2006 Periodic Report-India. CERD UN, UN.\nBombay High C., India.\n1868 Collector of “Madura v. Moottoo Ramalinga”, Mumbai: Law printing House India. 12MIA397 \nHuman Right Report. \n1997 Concluding Observations-India CCPR/C/79. HRC. \nHuman Right Watch. \n1999 Broken People:Caste Violence Against India`s Untouchables, Human Right Watch.\nIndian Gov.\n 1999 Constituent Assembly Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi.\n2006 “Periodic Report”, CERD, New Delhi. \nVenkasawmy Row, T. A. \n1911-1916 Indian Decisions (Old Deries). Madras: Law printing House India.\n\n梵文原典之英文註釋\nMuir, J. \n1858a Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religious Institutions of India. Vol. 1. London: William and Norgate.\n1858b Rig Veda. by Vajasaneyi Sanhita . London: William and Norgate.\n1858c Atherva Veda. by Vajasaneyi Sanhita. London: William and Norgate. | 描述: | 碩士 國立政治大學 政治研究所 98252012 101 |
資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982520121 | 資料類型: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | 學位論文 |
Files in This Item:
| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 012101.pdf | 1.66 MB | Adobe PDF2 | View/Open |
Google ScholarTM
Check
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.