自由與市場社會：以發展觀點為檢視基礎

Abstract

海耶克（Friedrich A. Hayek）看重人的尊嚴，主張人的自由不可侵犯。市場社會之構成，有賴於法律保護的私有財產權和個人依其稟賦自由選擇的分工制度。這樣的市場社會無從事前規畫，也不能人為控制，它會遵循其長成的秩序，自然地運行。赫許曼（Albert O. Hirschman）剖析市場社會的演化趨勢，認為心靈自由與人類本質的豐富，使市場社會同時蘊藏著正面與負面兩種力量，左右市場社會的演化軌跡。沈恩（Amartya K. Sen）將「發展」定義為擴充實質自由的一種過程，等同於能力集合的持續拓展。這是積極自由的觀念。法治雖然可以保障個人的尊嚴，但卻不能回答尊嚴的價值和意義等問題。個人蒙受「奇理斯瑪」（charisma）人物的啟發，並且歷經學習、效法的過程，方能了解人的價值，並且產生內在的力量。這樣的過程，對於市場社會的正面演化是重要的。

Friedrich A. Hayek emphasizes the dignity of human beings. He advocates individual freedom without intrusion. The construction of market society is based upon the private property rights which is protected by the law and the division of labor guaranteeing that individuals can choose their jobs according to their endowments. Such a kind of a market society cannot be projected in advance and cannot be manipulated either. Albert O. Hirschman analyzes the evolution of market society. He argues that positive and negative forces are hoarded simultaneously in the market society due to the freedom of mind and the abundance of human being`s intrinsic properties. These two forces affect the evolutionary trajectories of the market society. Amartya K. Sen defines development as a process of enlarging real freedoms. This definition is equivalent to a continuous expansion of the capability set. This is a kind of positive freedom concept. Although individual dignity is ensured by the rule of law, the problems of the value and the meaning of the dignity cannot be answered by the rule of law. In order to understand the value of human being and to generate the internal power, there should be an imitating and learning process in which the inspirations from charismatic characters are demanded. This process is very important for the positive evolution of market society.