談臺灣1990年代障礙主體的漂泊與逆流

Abstract

1980年代後期至1990年代臺灣障礙權利運動興起，隨之而來障礙研究亦逐漸出現，不過過去的研究卻多數侷限於身心障礙政策或以國外理論檢證台灣經驗，相當地忽略了障礙者的草根知識與集體認同移動的軌跡。現今身心障礙團體處於多元立場，卻一致強調「障礙者為自己發聲」的論述，使研究者好奇障礙論述的初始樣貌以及最初障礙者如何集結發聲？又鑲嵌於什麼樣的社會脈絡與權力網絡？研究者採用敘事取向的口述歷史，強調人與在地的連結，試圖以1990年代投身倡議之障礙者的視角，重新說一段障礙倡議故事。分析資料主要來自三位投身障礙福利工作多年的生命故事，再輔以1990年代民間團體出版品。\n\n 本研究發現，首先，障礙認同從宿命至殘而不廢的引導皆與國家著重經濟發展有關。接著，國家的制度性缺漏開啟了障礙團體成立的空間，包含在醫院、重建院、聯誼會或俱樂部的相遇相知，凸顯集體排除的公共性且產生最初的倡導形式以社會宣導與社會教育出現，逐漸轉向「自己人才懂」的內部認同，開始建構屬於自己人的互助體系，並由半專業、半專職的經營至團體之間形成初步網絡。而當時以刊物為主的傳遞資訊方式，運用故事打造障礙模板並號召障礙者現身，皆是重要的障礙主體發展過程。然而，發展出自己人的互助體系卻不夠，障礙團體始終無法突破制度面的限制，因此出現殘盟這個大家長來代表障礙者（團體）向國家喊話。殘盟結合障礙者、政治人物、專家學者等持續擴大網絡且代替障礙者產生障礙論述，不但建立了障礙知識體系，還形成公播版論述再傳遞給會員團體。\n\n 基於這樣的分工，使會員團體能專注於發展各障別的服務。最初障礙者自復健與生活的斷裂經驗中發展出草根知識，逐步對抗醫療保護、片段式的復建，形成潛能、復健生活化的觀點，進而建構能填補醫療與生活中的斷層──重建中心。1990年代後期至2000年代初期，障礙權益觀來自於殘盟監督國家施政，網絡與障礙團體的分工在無障礙環境及定額雇用抗爭行動時更加凸顯，運用各障礙者的集體困境或是說集體受難的經驗來敘說，逐漸將障礙者的所有「失能」歸因於結構與制度限制，而推動國家福利政策則是解決的手段。障礙論述除了來自於殘盟的研發，更重要的是網絡中具備雙重身分的障礙代言人，其高度代表性不只容易進入政府發聲，還能在傳遞障礙論述時更具說服力，並在網絡中扮演篩選與擴散障礙論述的角色。如此藉著合縱連橫的方式穩固障礙論述、涉入不同體系形成到處都有自己人的網絡，例如：納入專家學者、要求法定代表名額進入委員會、國家各式會議等。障礙團體便不再需要殘盟以大家長的角色出現，而是讓各障礙團體輪流代表障礙集體。

Abstract\n\n From the 1980s to the late 1990s, the rise of Taiwan disability rights movement which also pushed the emergence of disability study .Most of the studies had limited in policy changes and undersdanding local experience via theories from the West, rather than listening to the voices of people with disability. It quite ignored the grassroots knowledge and the movement trajectory of collective identity.Nowadays,there is the consistency of consciousness in disable groups revealing that people must "advocate by themselves".So the researcher is curious about people with disabilities initially assembled and advocated;They embedded in what social context and the network of power relationship? The researcher tries to use oral history with narrative orientation, emphasizing the link with the people with disabilities in local experience, and trying to retell the story of Taiwan’s disability movement. The Analysis of data is main from three people with disabilities who advocated the welfare of disability in the 1990s,and supplemented by the disable groups’ publications.\n\nThe study found that, first, the disability identity originated from the state focus on economic development in excess. Next, the state`s institutional missings opened the space that people with disabilities could explore their identity in hospitals, rebuild homes, or clubs. To know each other and meet there, they highlighted the collective experience of exclusion. They found the publicity to generate the initial formation of social advocacy ,that is social education.Then it was turning to “only people with disability do know”that formed the internal boundary and identity.The mutual assistance system was construct by semi-professional and part-time workers with disabilities.It also formed the initial and basic network between the disable groups. In order to transfer the information of the organization, people widely used periodical and the content included the model of disabled people to urge them appearing. However,the initial development of these mutual assistance systems of disable groups were not enough. They always failed to break through the institutional exclusion.So the disable groups initiated the League of Welfare Organizations for the Disabled to represent people with disabilities.As parent role ,the League continued to negotiate with the state and expanded the network of disability which included people with disabilities, workers of the disable groups,politicians, and experts.The League gets involved original charity or assistance organizations.It produced the disability course,and became the public broadcast version in disable group. \n\nWith such division, disable groups also as the League members could focus on the development of service.Especially,in the early 1990s the disable groups found that the fracture experience between rehabilitation and daily lives.To express the needs,they started to form grass-roots knowledge gradually against traditional medical care with overprotection and rehabilitation of fragmented in medical departments and formed latent energy to solve the problem in daily lives. So they created which is called life rehabilitation service ,and with the point of view building the reconstruction center then. Form the early 1990s to the late 2000s, disability rights were emphasized by the League repeatedly which supervised the state and promote some disability policy.At that time,the collective action of the League and disable groups for barrier free environment and quota employment policy for people with disabilities also repeatedly stabilized the division of the network.The actions continually shaped the narratives of collective experience with sufferings, and attributed "disability" to the structural and institutional constraints.The state welfare is the only solution.Moreover, the disability policy could successfully promote due to the spokesperson with double identity in the network who were not only highly representative when argued with the government but also with more persuasive when passing disability information to people with disabilities. Later, the vertical and horizontal division and network construct their own people everywhere to enter into the government committee or involving in government meetings;stabilized and rooted the disability discourse.Until the early 2000s ,disable groups no longer needed the League to play the parent role ,but let each disable group representative the disability collective in turn.