中国の対外政策決定過程に内在する構造的問題

Abstract

在中國之對外政策決策過程，國內黨、軍、政等巨大機構，多向部門參與之傾向越來越強。一方面，決定主要對外政策之最高領導人，其與實施機關與複數以上相關省廳間之合「縱」連「橫」，皆有其構造性問題。於對外政策整體上，中國外交部所掌範圍較其他外國之外交部狹窄。再者，外交部長於黨、政部內之地位較低，關於重要之外交課題，無法於國際舞台以充分責任，立於彈性對應之立場。現今，政府部內關於外交之橫向調整，至此被認為極端重要，於此種意義上，調整對外政策整體之黨中央外事工作領導小組，其角色愈加重要。另外，黨中央外事辦公室支持其作為事務面之常設機關，尤其是主任戴秉國為最高領導人與政策實施層級之橋梁，扮演著極其重要之角色。

Recently, increasingly more party and government organizations have been participating in the Chinese foreign policy making process. However, there still exist serious institutional defects in coordinating policy among ministries, including the military, and between the top leadership and the executive level. Traditionally, the scope of jurisdiction of the Chinese Foreign Ministry has been quite narrow as compared to its counterparts in other countries. The current hierarchical status of the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Communist Party of China (CPC) is not high enough for it to manage important diplomatic challenges flexibly, with enough responsibilities. Smooth coordination within the party and between the government organizations is even more essential in today`s times. In that sense, the role of the Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group (FALSG) of the Communist Party of China as a coordinating body of Chinese foreign policy continues to be important. Still more importantly, the General Office of the FALSG, as a permanent organization and, especially, its director Dai Bingguo have been playing a vital role by bridging the gap between the top leadership and the executive level in the process of formulating Chinese foreign policy.