俄羅斯聯邦體制的不對稱性與「韃靼斯坦」模式

Abstract

隨著1992年俄羅斯聯邦的建立，俄國內部的民族主義與地方政府爭取獨立與自主的風潮，不斷地沖蝕俄羅斯聯邦政體的穩定與完整。在少數民族爭取自主的案例，出現了車臣共和國的武裝對抗和韃靼斯坦共和國的和平談判兩種不同模式。而在1994年年底車臣戰事初起之際，俄羅斯聯邦政府與韃靼斯坦共和國都呼籲車臣共和國能嘗試採行韃靼斯坦共和國的模式以避免戰禍。車臣事件的發生，正足以證明「韃靼斯坦共和國模式」對於俄羅斯聯邦處理內部政治與社會問題時表現出的價值。本文的重點不只以傳統上由中央政府的角度去討論「民族政策」的制定與實施的問題，也要以韃靼斯坦共和國「民族主體性」的觀點出發，分析一個少數民族政府的領導階層，如何在聯邦政府及民族主義的多重壓力間取得平衡，進而完成其國家目標的思考與行動的過程。本文內容主要分成兩部份：一、俄羅斯聯邦體制的「不對稱性」現象。二、「韃靼斯坦模式」的意義

With the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1992, the trend of separative movement and the advocacy for sovereign state government based on ethnicity had swept through various parts of the Russian Federation.This wave of events had considerably compromised the stability and the wholeness of the Russian Federation political entity. In the efforts of minorities to procure self-determination and independence, two modes of attainment arose: 1) military aggression of the Chechen Republic and ; 2) peace arbitration of the Tatarstan Republic. In the wake of Chechen`s hostilities of 1995, both the Russian Federation and the Tatarstan Republic beseeched Chechen Republic to follow the path of peaceful negotiations in order to avoid war casualties and intensify ethnic dissension. The value of " Tatarstan Republic Model" was nominally ascertained.In this article, the emphasis will be placed upon analysis of the following points:1.The inconsistency of Russian Federalism ;2.The so-called "model of tatarstan" in Russian Federation