中國農民工遷移、就業選擇與區隔及與城市勞工薪資差異之研\r\n究

Abstract

中國自1978年經濟改革開放以來，農村勞動力遷移至城鎮地區的農民工提供了工業化必須的勞動力，從而帶動了中國的城鎮化與經濟發展。然中國的戶口管理制度限制了農民工的身分與權利，使得城鎮地區的勞動市場產生了二元化的區隔，本文運用2008年「中國農民工研究」的資料，以Oaxaca薪資差異分解法配合Heckman兩階段的樣本選擇偏差的修正，探討中國城鎮地區的勞動市場中城鎮居民與農民工之間的薪資差異和可能的歧視。不同於一般文獻，本研究將薪資差異分解為樣本選擇性偏誤的差異、個體稟賦的差異、對城鎮勞工族群有利的歧視與對農民工不利的歧視等來源。實證結果顯示，經樣本選擇偏誤的修正後城鎮居民與農民工之間的薪資差異比實際觀察值大，其中存在不可解釋部份高達66-70%，惟人力資本變數\r\n如健康、經驗、教育的報酬均對農民工有利，而在性別、婚姻、工作合同或就業管道與產業別等制度性因素方面則不利於農民工，代表勞動市場的薪資結構中，農民工顯著的受到制度性歧視。

Using a wider scope of cities data from 2008 survey of Rural-Urban Migration in China, this study employs a comprehensive aspect of explanatory variables to empirically estimate wage determination and decomposes the wage differentials between urban and migrant workers in Chinese labor market. We find that personal traits, geography, cohort, firm characteristics and industry type accounts for 85-89% of the wage differentials; however, it drops significantly to 42-60% if group membership, a likely proxy for the Fukou system, is considered. Among those explanatory factors, human capital proxies of personal\r\ntraits are the crucial factor for wage differentials; moreover, compared to the urban workers the education\r\nresource-poor migrants have higher rates of return on most human capital variables. The significant cohort effect reflects better job opportunity and labor quality of new generations of migrants. Policy implications for institutional change to close the wage gap are also discussed.