從迷失的身分重新找尋食品攙偽假冒管制的可能途徑——以食品身分標準為分析焦點

Abstract

近來食品的攙偽假冒事件層出不窮，然而在傳統的危險防禦管制典範下，正確的產品標示毋寧已是達成避免消費者誤認的最有效手段，既有的事後救濟與制裁也理應足以因應例外產生的健康危害風險。但是這樣的管制策略忽略了食品的攙偽假冒本身並非僅侵害消費者正確選擇商品的經濟上權益，更已是當今食品安全與健康危害的主要來源。食品的攙偽假冒因而在現今的風險社會中帶來管制典範移轉的需求，進一步挑戰現有將攙偽假冒之認定繫於食品標示資訊是否正確的管制模式。本文以美國「食品身分標準」制度為例，說明一種獨立於標示資訊而判斷「攙偽假冒」的可能管制模式，分析該種管制模式所具備的前置化風險管制功能，並探究以之填補我國食品安全管制漏洞的可能性。

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the prevalence and magnitude of the economic adulteration of food. It was commonly thought, under the traditional paradigm that legitimates state regulation so far as it is necessary to guard against actual danger, that labeling is still the most efficient way to protect consumers from fraud. At least, post hoc remedy and punishment should also be readily sufficient to redress any harm to health incidentally stemming from deception. The traditional approach, however, overlooks the fact that food fraud, in addition to being detrimental to the economic interests of consumers, has become the primary source of threats to food safety and public health. The adverse impact of economic adulteration in today’s risk society breeds the need for a paradigm shift in regulatory approach. It also calls into question the adequacy of judging economic adulteration based only on the correctness of information disclosed through labeling. This article investigates the rise and fall of the ＂standards of identity＂, a once popular approach independent of correct labeling to regulate economic adulteration in the United States. A revised version of the ＂standards of identity＂ approach is proposed as an alternative to proactively address economic adulteration.