客語文類中之隱喻及轉喻：以框架為基礎之分析

Abstract

隱喻及轉喻為人類理解外在世界最基本最重要之概念化機制，過去文獻顯示隱喻及轉喻存在於各類的語言形式。同時，研究也驗證，語言是文化之載體，隱喻及轉喻既然表現人類的思維，也就往往藉助人類個體存在之文化框架下之經驗來表現。換言之，隱喻及轉喻是人類個體在世界的文化框架中之產物。從這樣廣博的觀點理解意義或者隱喻及轉喻之意義需要有一個系統化的概念結構來表現我們的知識體系，此外，認知語意學派以語言使用為觀察及分析語言之基礎，因此，語言使用及語言系統之關係是動態及變異的。本計畫分析客語三種文類：客語固定語式、客語故事及客語劇本，在語言表達上充滿隱喻及轉喻之表現，以客語文類做隱喻和轉喻之研究至少有兩個學術意義及重要性，其一，這類的研究均鑲嵌於文化脈絡下，故研究的結果有特定性，無法從既有的研究結果類推得到；其二，客家文化及社會之特殊性及變異性過去缺乏系統化之研究；本計畫就3種文類中隱喻及轉喻之使用分別做量化及質化的分析，耙梳其中之概化形式並探索其背後之文化及社會變異和約制。第一年分析約960條客語之固定語式，就隱喻大鍊的階層架構來檢視隱喻及轉喻之來源域及目標域，產出概化語意形式、分布情形及意義，並探索及其文化約制。第二年分析客語約420篇故事，第三年分析寒夜劇本，這兩類文類之文本，耙梳隱喻及轉喻的語言形式，分析在情節或事件發展中如何促進故事情節發展，及這些語言的使用如何能協助形成文本欲傳達之主題之一致性及連貫性，同時探討其文化框架下之文化及社會因素。本研究成果呈現客語文類之隱喻及轉喻之使用，其概念結構，及鑲嵌其中之文化脈絡下，研究結果對概念隱喻及轉喻之認知理論發展提供實證及理論貢獻，對客語語言及文化關連研究提出有效之研究模式。

Metaphor and metonymy, two fundamental mental strategies of conceptualization, have been demonstrated to be pervasive through a wealth of linguistic data, from daily linguistic usage to fixed expressions such as idioms, proverbs, and the like. While it is well established that the cognitive nature of metaphor and metonymy reflects our conceptual structure that shapes the way we think, it is also important to acknowledge that metaphor and metonymy are deeply grounded in human experiences embodied in cultural situations. In other words, conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy are developed from people’s embodied cultural interactions with the real world. Such an encyclopedic perspective on meaning in general and on metaphor/metonymy in particular requires a way of representing our conceptual structures of knowledge. This usage-based perspective has led metaphor researchers to exploring metaphors in various kinds of genres such as literature, science, advertizing, among others. This three-year project has examined the metonymic and metaphoric linguistic forms in three different Hakka genres—fixed chunky proverbial expressions, stories and plays—regarding their distributional patterns of both source and target domains and their associated cultural and social variations. Regarding Hakka fixed chunky proverbial expressions, the source domains and the target domains of metonymy and metaphor are investigated in terms of their distributions in the hierarchy of the Great Chain Metaphor, and the cultural factors. Regarding Hakka stories and plays, the linguistic metonymic and metaphoric usages used in the episodes for the coherence of the global themes are investigated to general the patterns in various story frames; the cultural/social artifacts evoked by different frames and/or sub-frames are also examined in terms of their cultural and social functions. Through empirical investigation of the complexity and richness of metonymy and metaphor in usage, the study brings both theoretical and empirical insights into cognitive-linguistic paradigm of metonymy and metaphor.