勞動基準法第八十四條之一適用要件之探討─以航空業為例

Abstract

航空業空勤組員適用勞基法第八十四條之一過去至今爭議不斷，而2016年華航空服員罷工行動的七大訴求中空勤組員回歸勞基法的議題再次被提出討論，時至今日這項訴求尚未獲得航空公司與政府的正面回應，抗爭凸顯台灣空勤組員可能存在工作時間過長且休息不足的問題。因此本研究首先探討國際勞動公約、台灣與日本的工時適用例外法理，而後透過深度訪談了解空勤組員的工時狀況與勞基法第八十四條之一的實施現況而提出立法政策的建議，最後，再參考日本的航空公司的營運經驗，分析本文所提出的立法政策是否具有可行性。\n本文經由工作時間法理的探討，認為我國的空勤組員並不完全符合工時適用例外法理的要件，簡言之，不該將全數組員納入勞基法第八十四條之一的適用對象，既使政府基於企業的需求，允許單一航段工作時間超過十二小時的越洋航線可以適用勞基法第八十四條之一，那對於適用對象與執行的勤務應有明確的限制，只有經營國內線與區域航線的公司既該排除於適用對象之外，而非將所有空勤組員納入勞基法第八十四條之一，此外，必須嚴格落實同法第二項的但書規定，不得讓勞資雙方訂定有損勞工健康與福祉的勞動條件，或者透過立法進一步要求雇主應主動提供維護健康的措施，以確保勞工在長工時的情況下，仍然可以維持健全的身心狀態。\n關於立法政策建議的可行性，從日本的經驗可得而知，既使空勤組員回歸勞基法，飛航勤務仍然可以順利運作，且有機會減少因將所有組員納入勞基法第八十四條之一而徒增的人事成本，對於公司而言可以獲得較佳的勞務成效進而提升飛航安全，同時又可以消除空勤組員過勞所產生的壓力與改善勞資關係。

There is a huge controversy over the flight crew applying to Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. In the seven demands of China Airlines flight attendant strike in 2016, the issue of flight crew applied to Labor Standards Law was again discussed. Now this appeal has not yet received a positive response from the airlines and the government. The protests highlight that Taiwan`s flight crew may have problems with long working hours and lack of rest. Therefore, the first part of this study is to understand the working hours of flight crew and implementation status of Article 84-1 of Labor Standards Law. According to the International Labor Convention, Taiwan and Japan`s theories of working hours, then propose legislative policy. Finally, reference to the Japanese airline`s operating experience, whether the legislative policy proposed in this article is feasible.\nAccording to theories of working hours, think the flight crew do not meet the requirements of Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. It should not be included in the application of Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. Even if the government is based on the needs of the business, let a single section of the working hours of more than 12 hours of cross-ocean routes applying to Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. There should be a clear limitation on the applicable object and the service to be performed. Exclude companies that operate only domestic and regional routes. In addition, the provisions of Article 84-1.(2) of the Labor Standards Law must be strictly implemented. It is forbidden for employers and employees to set conditions for working that impair the health and well-being of workers. Or through legislation further require employers should take the initiative to provide health maintenance measures. To ensure that workers can still maintain a healthy physical and psychological condition when they are long working hours.\nOn feasibility of legislative proposals, even if flight crew apply the Labor Standards Law, flight service can still operate smoothly, it is known from Japan`s experience. And have the opportunity to reduce personnel costs, because all of the flight crew applying to Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. For the company can get better service performance and thus enhance flight safety. At the same time, it can eliminate the pressure caused by overwork of flight crew and improve the labor-capital relations.