開化期朝鮮的「國文」與漢字／漢文的糾葛

Abstract

本文試圖從漢字／漢文與朝鮮文字／朝鮮語兩者之間的關係如何轉變的視角，來掌握理解朝鮮從十九世紀後半期至二十世紀（開化期）之間有關言語意識的諸種面貌。隨著《日朝修好條規》的締結而來的開放門戶，甲午戰爭和日俄戰爭，乃至於日本的兼併，這可以說是朝鮮無論對內對外都被迫要改變的時期，而在這個時期，漢字／漢文的面目與位置也在國家的層次上起了變化。在與清朝的宗屬關係變得搖擺不定的情形下，朝向朝鮮文字的專用邁進的趨勢在國家的次元被重新評估，漢字／漢文的威信則因此被弱化了。在甲午改革（1894）當中有關〈公文式〉的規定是以與中國的宗屬關係的廢止為背景的，之後，以被稱為「國漢文」的文體的定型為基礎，漢字作為近代化知識的導入媒介，以此新的價值被重新認識。然而，一如以往，希冀漢字／漢文可以復權的朝鮮知識分子也如同過去一般激烈抵抗。像這樣充滿對立與糾葛的面貌從殖民地時期一直延續到解放以後。

This paper attempts to grasp various facets of the conceptions of language revealed in Korea from the second half of the 19th century to the early 20th century, namely, the period of enlightenment and civilization, from the perspective of the transformations in the relations between Hanja/Hanmun (the Sino-graph/Sino-writing) and Hangul (the Korean alphabet)/Korean language. From the opening of Korea, which was a consequence of the signing of the Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity, to the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, to the Annexation of Korea to Japan, it was a period when Korea was forced to change, domestically and diplomatically, and in this period the topology of Hanja/Hanmun changed as well on the scale of the nation-state. As Korea`s tributary relation with the Qing court faltered, the movement aiming for monopolized use of Hangul was re-estimated on the level of the nation-state, and the prestige of Hanja/Hanmun was impaired. The regulation of the ”Format of the Official Document” issued in the Gabo Reform (1894) took place against the backdrop of the termination of the tributary relation with China. After that, the writing style coalescing the national language and Sino-writing was established, with which Sino-graphs came to be recognized as having the new value of serving as a medium for introducing modern knowledge. However, as before, resistance from Korean intellectuals who wished to recuperate the prestige attached to Sino-graph/Sino-writing was intense. The conflicts and entanglements of the language issue not only existed in the colonial period, but also consequently carried over into the time of emancipation.