戰前東洋史學之觀念與知識系譜

Abstract

近代日本對中國研究在方法論上的突破，在於建立「東洋學」，首次以實證方法研究中國，並成為面對當時現實中國主要的知識來源；但另一方面，對於東洋學之特色以及其評價，在學界卻產生數種不同甚至針鋒相對的意見。本文試圖回溯其思想源流並且藉由知識系譜（disciplinary genealogy）的方法，對其學科的誕生與演變重新反思。本文分別討論「儒學到東洋學、東京／京都學派、學科講座建立、國策調查方法」等等子題；發現東洋學在觀念史的意義上，主要的變遷動力為「學科現代化／全球化、學術群體、近代國策需要」。本文並提出東洋學的建立，放在將「中國他者化」的延長線上，有作為「對象物與對照物」兩種他者典範，這兩種典範在戰後分別成立了不同的研究理念（問題意識）系譜，也造成現今學者對此一學科的各種分歧觀點。

The major change of modern China-studies in Japan is the disciplinary establishment of ”Touyougaku (Japanese orientalogy)” as its cognitional methodology. It is the first decipline which adopts the empirical research approach to ”China.” Hence, it became the main source of knowledge of ”real China” in that era. On the other hand, the opinions on Touyougaku`s historical value are quite different and even conflicting. This paper declares that we should trace back to the knowledge`s origins and study its pedigree (disciplinary genealogy). It focuses on the creation and evolution in disciplinary characteristics. The paper elaborates the major driving forces of Touyougaku, which are ”discipline modernization/globalization, academic groups interaction, and policy request.” and analyzing Jugaku (Confucianism) source, Tokyo/Kyoto school, the seminar establishment, and policy survey. It also proposes the Touyougaku makes China as the existence of ”the other”, under which forms the sub-paradigm of ”object” and another sub-paradigm of ”collation.” The two various paradigms develop different theory models in post-war, which cause scholars to maintain different views in Touyougaku.