綜合中的統合：《呂氏春秋》的「理」與「理義」概念探析

Abstract

近年的研究逐漸闡明了《呂氏春秋》在綜合各家思想的外表之下，還具有如「時令思想」、「論述的組織性」、或呂不韋的政治意圖等等，可以統合其思想的內涵。以此理解為基礎，本文試圖闡明《呂氏春秋》的思想體系中，「理」和「理義」概念實居於其核心。經過相關的分析，其崇高「理」（和「理義」）的思想特質，可以在四種闡述方式中觀察得到：第一，許多其它的概念或主張，如「忠孝」、「學」、「教」等等，都被視為實現「理」的方法。第二，「理」和「理義」成為各個文本層次（各個段落、完整的一篇、核心篇章如〈序意〉的後半，以及整體「十二紀」）的主題。第三，無論是國君還是士人，《呂氏春秋》的作者均要求其實踐「理」和「理義」。以及第四，不僅在個人層次，《呂氏春秋》的作者也按照「理」和「理義」的實現程度，來評估某個王朝、時代，或某種社會之好壞。據此，筆者進一步推測《呂氏春秋》的主導整體思想呈現了雙層結構：1.在《呂氏春秋》蒐集各家思想之際，呂不韋本人指示整合各家思想的「黃學」；2.再以「理」和「理義」概念貫通其整體論述的部分。總之，《呂氏春秋》藉由「黃學」和「理義」概念之雙層結構的建立，提供了未來統一天下的帝王所要努力的藍圖：在地上實現「天—地—人」一貫的秩序準則。

Recent research has shed lights on the comprehensive nature in the thought of Lüshi chunqiu, in which seasonal political agenda and the intention of Lü Buwei are regarded as penetrating the order and the arrangement of the whole text. This article advances this assumption to elucidate its central idea, the concept of ＂li＂ (理), to attain such a ＂hidden＂ argumentative unity in the various arguments and discourses in it. The concept of ＂li＂ (理) is usually translated into ＂principle,＂ ＂order,＂ or ＂rationality,＂ and has widely known as one of the central ideas in the Neo- Confucianism. This article aims to demonstrate that the concept of li is not only the key concepts to invest the whole contents with consistence and unity, but also is the highest value or the ultimate purpose that all the rulers, ministers, and intellectuals should embody in this world. The importance of the concept of li is presented in the following the four ways: (1) as the purpose of other moral values such as filial piety and moral cultivation; (2) as the central topic from a paragraph, a chapter, to the whole contents by means of arguing its importance in the preface of the ＂Twelve Months＂ part; (3) The author requests ruling people to embody this value; and (4) The degree of the embodiment of li is a standard for evaluating whether or not a particular period or state has attained the realm of peace and order. On this observation, this article points out that the whole thought of the Lüshi chunqiu contains a double argumentative structure: One is the thought developed from so-called the learning of The Yellow Emperor, a political theory which Lü Buwei wanted to promote. The other is the idea of li, which was proposed by the actual ＂author＂ of it. In other words, initially Lü Buwei planned this work on the basis of the Learning of The Yellow Emperor, while the actual author incorporated the idea of li to invest the whole content with a higher level of consistency and unity of thought among its various arguments and discourses.