中國近代帝國主義與民族國家－與日本的亞洲主義之關聯

Abstract

本文旨在討論甲午戰爭之後日本所提出的亞洲主義，與後來具侵略意義的帝國主義不同，乃是基於在國際上領導亞洲諸國以對抗歐美世界，為具正面價值之合作關係。十九世紀九○年代末在湖南的東亞會、上海的亞細亞協會、以及善鄰譯書館的創設，都是在亞洲主義的構想下進行，顯示中國改革派知識分子積極與日本合作，這形成了亞洲主義實體化的條件。其中譯書活動又為相當重要的一環，吾妻兵治、中江兆民等皆以漢文翻譯西方著作，此由於當時日本亞洲主義欲建立一個以漢文為共通語言的東亞文化圈，強調中日兩國的合作與平權，藉以抵抗西方英語世界，因而後來有善鄰譯書館的設立。然而，上述在亞洲主義下的合作關係最後仍以失敗告終，以善鄰譯書館的合作策略為例，由於中國無版權法，導致盜版橫行，中日兩國對版權問題亦有觀念上的歧異，譯書館最終運作失敗。此後，日本將文明開化移植與輸入中國，也逐漸帶有優越性與侵略性，而走向了一般所理解的帝國主義。

This article aims to discuss the difference between Asianism raised by Japanese after First Sino-Japanese War, and the Imperialism later with a sense of aggression is based on leading Asian countries to fight in Europe and America in the international community as a positive partnership. The establishment of Toa-kai (East-Asia Association) at Hunan, Ajia Kyōkai (Asia Association) at Shanghai and Zenrin-yakusho-kan (Shanlin library) in the late nineteenth century were under the idea of Asianism, showing Chinese reformist intellectuals actively cooperated with Japan, which was the condition of realizing Asianism. Translating books were a vital activities of the chain of Asianism. Azuma Heiji, Nakae Chōmin and so on all translated Western books in Chinese, because at that time the Japanese Asianists wanted to make Chinese the common language of the East Asian cultural sphere, emphasizing cooperation between China and Japan with equal rights, in order to resist the Western English-speaking world, thus establishing the Zenrin-yakusho-kan (Shanlin library). However, these partnerships in Asia still failed. Take Zenrin-yakusho-kan (Shanlin library) for example, due to the lack of copyright regulation in China, led to the piracy problem. China and Japan also had different ideas on copyright. The idea of Zenrin-yakusho-kan (Shanlin library) eventually failed. Since then, Japan brought civilization into China with superiority and aggression and toward the so-called imperialism.