日本北極政策分析：政策演變與國際政治互動

Abstract

全球氣候暖化使得北極地區的資源開發和航道開拓成為了可能，也重新塑造著北極事務的治理機制。對於非北極國家的日本而言，北極戰略環境的變化對於日本的北極政策也產生了重要的影響，北極事務與日本的國家利益息息相關。本文將以相互依賴觀點下的新自由主義國際合作觀為出發點，探討日本參與北極事務國際合作的必要性與可行性，從日本的本國政策和參與北極事務國際合作兩個方面透視氣候變遷下日本北極戰略的思維，並對日本北極政策的障礙與前景進行分析。\n日本北極政策的發展歷程是本文的分析基礎。在日本三期的《海洋基本計畫》以及2015年頒佈的《日本北極政策》的共同推動下，目前日本政府雖然沒有出臺明確的北極戰略，但已形成了以主推科技、重視國際合作為核心的多層次政策檔體系。日本北極戰略的特點在於：日本的北極戰略利益是以經濟利益為中心；重視資源開發和環境保護；推動國際多邊治理，構建北極新秩序，提高日本在北極事務中的影響力。\n日本善於利用北極理事會等多邊外交平臺，發揮國內企業的優勢，展開對北極事務的多層次、多領域的雙多邊交往；同時，日本的北極戰略也面臨著國內北極事務決策機制的掣肘，缺乏明確的國家定位和國家目標。針對日本北極戰略的未來發展路徑，本文從參與的途徑、對北極治理機制的貢獻以及在北極事務中的有效國際合作等方面展開分析。尋找日本與環北極國家、其他域外國家的利益匯合點，將會有效地將碎片化的國際合作融合成為成體系的日本在北極事務中的國際政治互動模式。拓展民間交流、利用國際多邊合作機制等有效形式可以在國際合作的主體上引入非國家行為體，在政府和民間交往兩個層面進行北極事務合作，豐富國際政治互動的層次。

Climate warming makes the development of resources and exploration of channels in the Arctic become more possible, which also reshapes the governance mechanism of the Arctic affairs. Japan is a non-Arctic country, but changes of the Arctic strategic environment has important influences on Japan`s Arctic policy since the Arctic affairs are closely related to Japan`s national interests. This paper focuses on the view of new liberalism and uses the view of international cooperation to discuss the feasibility and the necessity of Japan`s involvement in the Arctic. Through the analysis of Japan`s Arctic policy and involvement in the Arctic, this paper discusses the perception, the advantages and the barriers of Japan`s Arctic strategy.\n\nThe development of Japan`s Arctic policy is the basis of the analysis in this paper. Nowadays, Japanese government has not set up specific Arctic strategy, but has formulated the system of multi-level policy documents with the core of attaching great importance to the international cooperation and science after formulating three Basic Marine Plans in 2008,2013,2018 and Japan`s Arctic Strategy in 2015. The characteristics of Japan`s Arctic strategy are as followings: putting economic interests as the center; attaching great importance to the resources development and environmental protection; promoting the international multilateral governance, and tending to build a new order in the Arctic in order to raise the influence of Japan in the Arctic affairs.\n\nJapan tends to use multilateral diplomatic platform like the Arctic Council and play the advantages of domestic enterprises to interact multi-level and multi-field multilateral communication on Arctic affairs. However, Japan`s Arctic strategy faces limitation from the domestic decision-making mechanism of the Arctic affairs and lacks of a clear national position and national goals. Focusing on Japan`s future development path of the Arctic strategy, this paper discusses from three aspects to analyze: ways of participations, contributions to the Arctic governance mechanisms and channels of effective international cooperation. Looking for common sense among Japan, the Surround-Arctic Nations and the non-Arctic nations will effectively incorporate the fractional international cooperation into systematic international political interaction on Arctic affairs. To enrich the level of the international political interaction, Japanese government should introduce non-state actors in the main body of international cooperation by expanding people-to-people exchanges and using the international multilateral cooperation mechanism and conducting cooperation on Arctic affairs in the aspects of government and civil exchanges.