網路安全與美中關係：理論的分析

Abstract

發展迅速的科技大大改變21世紀國際體系中的互動方式。根據此背景，本論文將使用兩個主要理論架構來分析網路安全對中美關係的影響，新現實主義的攻防平衡理論助於了解網路攻擊背後的邏輯，而自由主義認為可以利用和平的手段解決衝突，甚至在網路空間中。網路安全的重要性作為一個在國際關係的新威脅已經帶給許多國家不同尋常的挑戰。就美國和中國而言，網路安全在短時間內產生摩擦和衝突比兩國之間其他的歷史議題還更嚴重。近年來網路攻擊更加劇中美關係的不確定性，導致兩國之間在經濟和政治上互信不足，儘管如此，為何這兩個國家仍然達成協議？研究者認為這一協議背後主要原因是為了避免經濟制裁，對此，新現實主義和自由主義各有不同的觀點。研究者藉著回應四個研究問題，對中美雙方在網路安全的看法，提出具洞察力的見解。除此之外，在理論架構下，研究者解釋了他們會達成此協議的原因，以及中美關係在網路安全上會面臨哪些機會和挑戰。最後，作者說明這些行為導致美國和中國等國外交政策「數位化」的原因。

The rapid development of technology in the 21st century has dramatically changed the way actors in the international system interact, the internet and the threats challenges brought by it have created lack of understanding regarding the implications it has for security. Given this context, this thesis analyzes the impact of cybersecurity in United States-China relations using two of the main theoretical frameworks in international relations: neorealism and liberalism. Neorealism’s offense-defense balance concept contributes to an understanding of the logic behind cyberattacks, while liberalism observes that there is a possibility to overcome conflicts by peaceful means, even in the cyberspace.\nThe importance of cybersecurity as a new threat in international relations has created unusual challenges for states around the world. In the case of the US and China, cybersecurity has generated, in a short period of time, more friction and engagement between the two countries than any other historical issue. Cybersecurity attacks in recent years have increased uncertainty in US-China relations, contributing to a deficit in economic and political trust between these two nations, nevertheless, why do these states still have reached an agreement? I suggest that the main reason behind this decision is the desire to avoid economic sanctions, nevertheless, neorealism and liberalism offer different reasons.\nBy answering four research questions the author gives insightful information about each country’s view on cybersecurity. Furthermore, with the theoretical framework, I explain why they have reached such an agreement and what are the opportunities and challenges for the United States-China relations regarding cybersecurity. Finally I explain why all these actions have led to a “digitalization” of the practices of Foreign Policy of states such as the United States and China