家庭與就業平衡法制之研究-比較台灣與瑞典

Abstract

傳統的福利國家研究聚焦於國家對市場干預的「去商品化」，但從性別的觀點而言，「家庭」也是權力與資源分配的重要機制，且對女性的影響更為直接且重要，必須將其納入分析的架構，同時探討家庭、國家、市場之間的互動。性別福利國家對家庭照顧介入的政策，不只是「去家庭化」，也包括「再家庭化」。去除母親對於家庭照顧責任的「去家庭化」又可以有兩種方向：在自由主義體制的國家是依賴「市場化」，在社會民主主義體制的國家則依賴「公共化」。「再家庭化」則是在政策上將照顧的責任再轉移回家庭中，也可進一步區分為「性別化」與「去性別化」的家庭主義，前者維持統性別角色分工的家庭制度，後者指打破性別角色分工的家庭制度，真正性別平等的國家，必須同時讓男性共同參與分攤家庭照顧責任。\n如何促進家庭與工作平衡，讓女性可以進入勞動力市場，從家庭中釋放出來，需要透過時間(親職假)、經濟支持(津貼)、照顧供給(托育政策)的制定與施行，目的是減輕女性家庭照顧的責任，使女性就業率提高。瑞典將托育責任從女性轉移到國家，透過托育政策與其設施，能夠負擔照顧幼兒的責任，使女性可以安心進入勞動力市場中。透過實施陪產假、親職假、及臨時親職假，也能夠讓男性和女性共同承擔家庭的照顧責任。透過「去家庭化」及「再家庭化」，將有效使性別雙方在工作與家庭之間獲得平衡。女性生命歷程逐漸男性化，男性生命歷程稍微女性化。借鑑瑞典經驗，台灣近年來在搶救低生育率、重視婦女及兒童最佳利益的呼聲中，家庭政策有了重大的改變，透過政策和制度，進而影響社會的價值觀，才能使性別雙方在工作與家庭之間獲得平衡，實現性別平等。

Traditional welfare state research focuses on the “de-commodification” of market intervention by the state, but from a gender perspective, “family” is also an important mechanism for the distribution of power and resources, and the impact on women is more direct and important. Incorporate it into the framework of the analysis while exploring the interaction between families, countries, and markets. The policy of family involvement in gender-welfare countries is not just " de-familialization, " but also "re-familialization ". There are two ways “de- familialization” to remove the of the mother`s responsibility for family care: in the liberal regime, the country relies on “marketization”, and in the social demoaratic regime, it depends on “publicization”. " Re- familialization " is to transfer the responsibility of care back to the family in terms of policy. It can be further divided into "gendered" and "degendered" of familism. The former maintains a family system that divides the gender roles. The latter refers to the family system that breaks the division of roles of gender roles. Countries with true gender equality must simultaneously males to participate in the sharing of family care responsibilities.\nHow to promote the balance between family and work, so that women can enter the labor market and be released from the family. The development and implementation of time (parental leave), financial support (subsidy), and care supply (care policy) are needed to reduce the responsibility of female family care and increase the female employment rate. Sweden transfers the responsibility for childcare from women to the country. Through the childcare policy and its facilities, it can afford the responsibility of caring for young children, so that women can enter the labor market with peace of mind. Through paternity leave, parental leave, and temporary parental leave, men and women can also share the responsibility of family care. Through "de-familialization " and " re-familialization ", it will effectively balance the gender between work and family. The life course of women is gradually masculine, and the life course of men is slightly feminine. Drawing on the experience of Sweden, in recent years, in the call for the rescue of low fertility and the best interests of women and children, Taiwan’s family policy has undergone major changes. Through policies and systems that influence the values of society, we can achieve a balance between work and family and achieve gender equality.