韓國對中國一帶一路因應策略研究

Abstract

一帶一路倡議推行以來，獲得全球關注，歐美國家也紛紛成為帶路資金池「亞洲基礎建設投資銀行」的成員。韓國有感於世界經濟區塊化的影響，而中國為其最大的貿易夥伴，即便美國反對，韓國仍積極參與對接倡議。韓國參與帶路，主要目的為經濟，政治戰略考量為輔。倡議至今已執行3年，韓國積極參與亞投行，舉辦第二屆年會，並且捐助資金，期望透過國際關注議題，吸引亞投行投資朝鮮半島基礎建設。交通建設上，中歐班列及海上絲綢之路版圖擴張，讓物流路線可從東北亞延伸至中亞、歐洲、非洲，吸引韓國物流公司搶占陸路與海路的新商機。對接中國境內產業鏈上，韓國積極爭取中韓產業園區，在惠州、鹽城、煙台產業園區都結合當地產業特色及技術，中韓的產業對接，不僅減少中國經濟崛起對韓國的經濟衝擊，亦可獲得中國投注資金於韓國發展新興產業。外交上，亞洲國家俄羅斯、印度、東南亞等紛紛尋求與中國在帶路上的合作，以致擠壓韓國的外交空間。因此韓國總統文在寅推出新南、北方政策，對外雖然說明希望與帶路倡議共同合作，推動韓國向西向北的經濟版圖拓展，然背後目的係期望俄羅斯、印度、東協等國參與朝鮮半島問題，避免北韓與中國過於緊密，成為中國的東三省。

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) grabbed the world’s attention upon its inception; meanwhile, Western countries have successively joined the Asian Infrastructure Bank (AIIB), which is designed to finance BRI projects. Influenced by the global trend of economic fragmentation, South Korea is playing an active role in the BRI, launched by China, South Korea’s top trading partner, despite opposition from the US, out of economic and political concerns. Three years after the BRI was introduced, South Korea remains an active player in the AIIB; it hosted the 2nd AIIB annual meeting, and keeps funding the bank, aiming to attract investment from the AIIB in the Korean Peninsula’s infrastructure projects by drawing the international community’s attention in this area. In terms of transportation facilities, with the extension of the China Railway Express and the Maritime Silk Road, which span from Northeast Asia to the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, Korean logistic service providers are prompted to seize new business opportunities on land and sea routes. In terms of the docking of Korean companies and Chinese industrial chains, several Sino-ROK industrial parks have been set up in Huizhou, Yancheng, and Yentai, where signatures industries and technologies were successfully integrated. The docking of Korean and Chinese industries not only mitigates the economic impact on South Korea brought by the rise of China, but also wins Chinese investment in South Korea’s emerging industries. However, in the diplomatic aspect, other players in Asia, such as Russia, India, and Southeast Asian states, are seeking to cooperate with China on the BRI as well, squeezing South Korea’s room for diplomatic maneuver. In response, Moon Jae-in, South Korean’s president, unveiled the New Southern Policy and New Northern Policy, which, according to Seoul, aim to expand the country’s economic reach westward and northward in line with the BRI; however, the actual purpose is to involve Russia, India, and ASEAN in the Korean Peninsula issues, lest Pyongyang keep strengthening its relations with China and become de facto a province of China.