全球化與中共的民族主義：“一國兩制”的機會與限制

Abstract

近年來兩岸關係最重要的命題已由一九九○年代初期之「兩岸關係是為國內關係抑或國際關係？」的辯論，逐漸演化為目前「在東亞安全新體系下的兩岸關係該何去何從？」的探討。其間最大的特色為：國際力量對兩岸關係的干預已逐漸由弱轉強，由暗化明，由被動轉為主動。在此種外力干預兩岸關係的前提下，北京試圖以「民族主義」建構其對美國之「反霸權主義」，及希望台灣接受「一國兩制」之主張，有其務實之考量，亦有其短期之功效。但中共欲以「民族主義」來達成以上兩個政策目標，長遠來看，卻將面臨全球化所衍生效應的挑戰。在全球化效應衝擊下，中共若持續堅持以「一國兩制」作為鞏固民族主義之政策工具，則可能會面臨三個嚴峻的挑戰：第一、共產主義與民族主義之間的辯證問題；第二、全球化(globalization)對主權國家所產生之衝擊；第三、國際典則(international regime)所可能投射出來之全球治理(global governance)願景。本文從此三點出發來分析中共以民族主義作為「號召」台灣接受「一國兩制」之政策工具，所可能面臨的機會與限制；然後再探討全球化下的國際關係新典範及其對兩岸關係的影響，所可能面臨之衝擊與解決途徑。事實上，隨著地球村效應導致全球化現象的出現，已逐漸模糊了「國際」與「國內」之畛域，使得傳統國際體系中以主權國家為主要行為者的概念受到許多挑戰。面對全球化的趨勢，國際關係領域中最令人關切的部份，莫過於國家主權的消長情形。全球化對於國家權力、政府功能之最大衝擊在於：西發利亞體系(Westphalian system)的主權原則勢必將有所調整。因為傳統主義概念，乃是因著「領域性」(territorial)國家的治理而來，但全球化下的國家主權觀念，卻源自於「交易成本」、「代理人」箏契約觀念。這種改變正是實施威權體制及強調階級鬥爭的中國共產主義所將面臨的最大挑戰。換句話說，中共欲以「民族主義」來追求兩岸間之「一國兩制」不但有其先天結構之矛盾性，亦有其後天技術如何克服「市場性」與「契約性」的困難。本文針對以上論點提出理論與實務之分析。

The theme of Taiwan-China relations has shifted from the debate in the early 1990s over whether cross-strait relations is a pure domestic affair or a type of international relations to a discussion of the issue of complicated US-China-Taiwan relations under the emerging new East Asia security structure. The most significant change is the increasing involvement of foreign powers, facilitated by both the increasing interdependence between states and the impacts of globalization. Fearing Taiwan may be separated permanently from China, Beijing has adopted nationalism as a tool to unify domestic actors against America`s intervention and to promote the ”one country two systems” policy towards Taiwan. Nationalism, may have its niche in the short term; however, it will encounter three difficulties in the long run. First, is the inconsistency between the rationales of communism and nationalism. Second, is the impacts of globalization on state-sovereignty. The third is the new paradigm of international regime and the propensity towards global governance. This paper will explore the opportunities and constraints of Beijing`s strategy of utilizing nationalism as a policy tool to pursue the goal of ”one country two systems.” In addition, it will also discuss the implications of the international regime on Taiwan- China relations under the propensity towards global governance. In short, we suggest that China`s nationalism not only has embedded conflicts with communism, it also contradicts the ”market” and ”contract” principles projected by globalization. Thus, Beijing should reconsider the function of nationalism in its policy towards Taiwan.