大陸國企改革的組織同形主義

Abstract

本文認為純粹的經濟變項－即技術環境或與競爭形式，並不能作為影響企業組織形態與策略選擇的唯一解釋，而須將重點轉移至組織所處的制度環境與社會結構上。大陸國有企業集團的形成是中央政策主導、股票市場的誘因、地方政府的機會主義以及企業間相互模仿的結果，而此種制度環境壓力將會使組織的結構趨向類似，即所謂的「同形主義」，本文將從四種同形機制－競爭的、強制的、模仿的以及規範的，說明大陸國企改革的組織同形，並論證「集團化」的目的並非只是為了增強企業的競爭力和效率，也是因為政治權力的制約和制度合法性的追求。

There are multiple determinants of organizational form and strategic decision of enterprises in China, but they are not reducible to purely economic variables, such as the pressures of technical environments or patterns of competition. Therefore, one must depart from technically oriented approaches by turning attention to the institutional environment, the socially constructed normative worlds where organizations exist. The Chinese state-owned enterprise groups are formed by the following forces: the predomination of policies, the incentives of the stock market, the opportunism of local government, and the imitation between enterprises. The environmental pressures shape organizations. Moreover, organizations in the same environment will become structurally similar-that is there exist the phenomenen of ”isomorphism.” This article describes four isomorphic mechanisms-competitive, coercive, mimetic, and normative-leading to this outcome and demonstrate that they are not necessary simply for competition and efficiency, but also for political power and institutional legitimacy, for social as well as economic fitness.