「大一統」文化與中國「大一統」：明鄭時期的案例研究

Abstract

當代的國際關係研究長久以來有強烈的歐洲中心傾向。近代以來的歐洲國家體系，其中總是有多個強權並列，並以權力平衡為其國際秩序的基礎。相對的，東亞體系的常態，卻是一個支配性強權的存在，與其他小國形成了上下從屬的層級關係，構成東亞國際秩序的基礎。東亞過去為何會有這樣基於大一統中國的階層式國際秩序呢？作為壓倒性支配者的中國，為何總是在分裂後重建大一統，而能一再佔居這樣支配的地位呢？對此中國的大一統本身就被認為是一種文化，是中國歷代政治菁英們認為天下必需維持大一統的共同信念。然而，這樣常見的觀點迄今仍缺乏充足的實證研究支撐。究竟這所謂的「大一統」文化，是否真是維繫中國大一統的關鍵，進而造就了東亞層級式的國際秩序？本文以明末清初明鄭對抗清朝的過程為案例，實際檢驗這所謂「大一統」文化的作用，以回答此一東亞國際秩序背後的核心問題。

Contemporary international relations studies are largely Europe-centric. Modern European international systems are always consisted of multiple great powers, and order is based on balance of power. In contrast, hierarchical order based on a single dominant superpower is the rule of the East Asian system, built on supremacy of a unified China and its subordinate neighboring minor powers. Why does such a hierarchical order exist? The key is China. China had always been able to unify after repeated disintegrations and remained dominant. This ＂oneness＂ of China is commonly believed by generations of Chinese political elites, who regard it necessary to maintain a ＂universal unification＂ of the entire Chinese world. However, this notion so far still lacks sufficient empirical foundations. Is the ＂oneness＂ culture really the key factor in maintaining China`s unification and thereby creating a hierarchical order in East Asia? This study approaches the question by examining the Zheng（Koxinga）Family period in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties as a case study, and inspect in depth this so-called Chinese ＂oneness＂ culture.