走向「形式兩黨制的實質多黨制」──促進臺灣政黨政治健全運作的法制構想

Abstract

本文之作，源於以下兩點關於憲政實務與規範的觀察：第一，在我國民主政治的賽局裡，政黨激化選舉的作為遠多於負責地提出政策；第二，我國的憲政體制實偏向政府效能不足的「劣勢總統制」。這兩點結合，產生一個令人憂心的後果──政府要順利運轉，須仰賴政黨驅動，但政黨既沒能力也無慾望引領負責的民主思辯。結果就是政府效能結構性的缺陷，不僅沒辦法透過政黨政治來矯正，現行政黨政治的實然甚至回過頭來對責任政治形成破壞。是以本文建議，應透過相關憲政法制──尤其是政黨法制──的革新，將臺灣的政黨政治朝「形式兩黨、實質多黨」的方向形塑，令政黨成為一個適合進行政策思辯的平臺。期藉由政黨政治的健全，促成責任政治與效能政府的實現。

This paper was motivated by the following two observations aboutthe operation of Taiwanese political system: First, while the DPPgovernment has made too many “‘U-turns’ of policies” under Tsai’spresidency, and the opposition party, especially for the one who used tofiercely criticize former KMT government, i.e. New Power Party,refrains itself from the strong supervision as the way it used to be. Sucha phenomenon reveals the fact that political parties in Taiwan tend toindulge in ideological struggles and lack the sense of responsibility incontemplating feasible public policies. Second, the current Taiwaneseconstitutional system is presidentialism and an “weak presidentialism”with less effectiveness compared to the U.S. In this regard, a wellfunctioningdemocratic government in Taiwan needs to be energized bypolitical parties that are competent and responsible. The failure to havea sound party politics results in an erosion of political accountability and furthermore makes the structural deficit of our constitution–anineffective government–hardly be rectified. Accordingly, this paperpropose a party politics reform which creates incentives for smallerparty to be willing to join the major party that embraces similarideology. That is to say, it encourages the smaller party to become afaction in the major party and engages in policy debates with otherfactions so as to strive for the leading power of the major party. Byshaping such a scheme of “Multi-party system under the framework ofTwo-party system,” the effective and accountable democracy wouldthus be achieved.