1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 商學院
  3. 資訊管理學系
  4. 學位論文
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125522
DC FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributor.advisor劉文卿zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisorLiu, Wenqingen_US
dc.contributor.author李耀中zh_TW
dc.contributor.authorLee, Mike Y. J.en_US
dc.creator李耀中zh_TW
dc.creatorLee, Mike Y. J.en_US
dc.date2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned2019-09-05T07:43:14Z-
dc.date.available2019-09-05T07:43:14Z-
dc.date.issued2019-09-05T07:43:14Z-
dc.identifierG0096356505en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125522-
dc.description博士zh_TW
dc.description國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description資訊管理學系zh_TW
dc.description96356505zh_TW
dc.description.abstractIn this research, the evolution and emerging trends of High Frequency Trading (HFT) research is conducted by examining papers published in the Web of Science (WOS) from 1993 to 2017. A total of 241 papers are included, and 1876 keywords from these articles were extracted and analyzed. For tracing the dynamic changes of the HFT Research, the whole 24 years are further separated into three consecutive periods: 1993-2002, 2003-2012, and 2013-2017. The Ucinet is adopted to get keywords network, or knowledge network, to study the relationship of each research theme. NetDraw is applied to visualize network. The social network analysis (SNA) technique is used to reveal patterns and trends in the research by measuring the association strength of terms representative of relevant publications produced in HFT field. Results indicate that HFT research has been strongly influenced by these keywords: “market”, “prices”, “finance”, “liquidity”, “statistics”, “financial markets”, “stock”, “stochastic”, “model” and “trades” as shown in Table 3, which represent some established research themes. These are major focuses and the bridges connecting to other research themes in HFT. The detailed analysis in “Discussions and implications” provides an overview of evolution and emerging trends in HFT Research. It concludes that “market performance” related keywords, which represent some established research themes, have become the major focus in HFT research. It also changes rapidly to embrace new themes. Especially, this research may make contribution to enlarge research method in that there is no SNA research in HFT research before.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents1. Introduction 7\n1.1 Background 7\n1.1.1 What is High-Frequency Trading (HFT) 8\n1.1.2 How does HFT work? 9\n1.1.3 Basics of High-Frequency Trading 10\n1.1.4 What’s the importance of speed in trading? 10\n1.1.5 High Frequency Trading Strategies 11\n1.1.5.1 Market making 12\n1.1.5.2 Fraud 13\n1.1.5.3 Ticker tape trading 13\n1.1.5.4 Event arbitrage 14\n1.1.5.5 Statistical arbitrage 14\n1.1.5.6 Index arbitrage 15\n1.1.5.7 News-based trading 15\n1.1.5.8 Low-latency strategies 15\n1.1.5.9 Order properties strategies 16\n1.1.6 What algorithms are used in HFT? 16\n1.1.7 Benefits and critiques of HFT 17\n1.2 History of high-frequency trading 18\n1.2.1 Market growth 20\n1.2.2 Market share 20\n1.3 Definition of high-frequency trading 22\n1.3.1 Metrics for Defining HFT from SEC 22\n1.3.2 HFT definition from NASDAQ.com 23\n1.3.3 HFT definition from Wikipedia 23\n1.3.4 HFT definition from Investopedia 23\n1.3.5 Conclusion 24\n1.4 Current qualitative research in HFT 24\n1.5 Research categories and findings in HFT 25\n1.6 Problems being investigated 29\n1.7 General approach 30\n1.8 Purpose of the Research 30\n2. Literature review 32\n2.1 Social network analysis (SNA) 32\n2.2 Some SNA measures 32\n2.2.1 SNA measure 1 : Degree Centrality 33\n2.2.2 SNA measure 2 : Betweenness centrality 33\n2.2.3 SNA measure 3 : Closeness centrality 34\n2.2.4 SNA measure 4 : PageRank 35\n2.2.5 SNA measure 5 : EigenCentrality 35\n2.3 Some SNA software packages 36\n2.3.1 KeyLines from Cambridge Intelligence 36\n2.3.2 UCINET 6 for Windows 37\n2.4 Bibliometrics 37\n2.4.1 Bradford’s law 38\n2.4.2 Lotka`s law 38\n2.4.3 Zipf`s law 38\n2.4.4 Comparison and Summary 39\n2.4.5 Other Bibliometrics methods 39\n2.4.5.1 Publication outputs of paper titles 39\n2.4.5.2 Publication outputs of KeyWords Plus 40\n2.4.5.3 Publication outputs by abstract analysis 40\n3. Research methods 41\n3.1 Purpose of the research 41\n3.2 Materials and methods 41\n3.2.1 Author keywords 42\n3.2.2 Keywords Plus 43\n3.2.3 Screening Methodology 43\n3.3 Refinement of keywords and keywords databases 43\n3.4 Constructing keywords network 44\n3.5 Centrality measures of the SNA network 45\n3.6 Network visualizations 45\n4. The experiment and results 47\n4.1 Keywords network 47\n4.2 Betweenness centrality measuring for all period (1993-2017) 48\n4.3 Changes in important keywords over time 50\n5. Discussions and implications 52\n5.1 The findings of the quantitative analysis results 52\n5.2 Comparison with previous qualitative research in HFT\n54\n6. Conclusion 56\n6.1 The original problem statement 56\n6.2 Summarization 56\n6.3 Limitations 57\n6.4 Paths for future research 57\nReference 59zh_TW
dc.format.extent3374496 bytes-
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf-
dc.source.urihttp://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096356505en_US
dc.subjectHigh Frequency Tradingen_US
dc.subjectHFTen_US
dc.subjectSocial network analysisen_US
dc.subjectSNAen_US
dc.subjectemerging trendsen_US
dc.title高頻交易研究的演化及新興趨勢zh_TW
dc.titleEvolution and emerging trends in HFT researchen_US
dc.typethesisen_US
dc.relation.reference1.Brogaard, J., Carrion, A., Moyaert, T., Riordan, R., Shkilko, A., & Sokolov, K. (2018). High frequency trading and extreme price movements. Journal of Financial Economics, 128(2), 253-265.\n2.https://snipethetrade.com/us/high-frequency-trading\n3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading\n4.https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/high-frequency-trading.asp\n5.https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/high-frequency-trading.asp\n6.https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/high-frequency-trading.asp\n7.Kumar, P., Goldstein, M., Graves, F., & Borucki, L. (2011). Trading at the speed of Light. The Brattle Group Finance (2).\n8.Aldridge, I. (2013). High-frequency trading: a practical guide to algorithmic strategies and trading systems (Vol. 604). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-56376-2\n9.https://www.sec.gov/fast-answers/answersmktmakerhtm.html\n10.Hendershott, T., Jones, C. M., & Menkveld, A. J. (2011). Does algorithmic trading improve liquidity?. The Journal of Finance, 66(1), 1-33.\n11.Cartea, A., & Jaimungal, S. (2013). Modelling asset prices for algorithmic and high-frequency trading. Applied Mathematical Finance, 20(6), 512-547.\n12.Gueant, O., Lehalle, C. A., & Fernandez-Tapia, J. (2013). Dealing with the inventory risk: a solution to the market making problem. Mathematics and financial economics, 7(4), 477-507.\n13.Jovanovic, B., & Menkveld, A. J. (2016). Middlemen in limit order markets. Available at SSRN 1624329.\n14.Menkveld, A. J. (2013). High frequency trading and the new market makers. Journal of financial Markets, 16(4), 712-740.\n15.Weil, J. (2014). Weil on Finance: FBI Hops on Michael Lewis Bandwagon. Bloomberg. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2014-04-01/weil-on-finance-fbi-hops-on-michael-lewis-bandwagon\n16.Bradford, H. (2014). FBI Investigating High-Frequency Traders: WSJ. Huffington Post. URL: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/31/fbi-high-speedtrading_n_5065622.html (???? ?????????: 19.03. 2018).\n17.https://www.coursehero.com/file/p32cbud/The-World-Of-High-Frequency-Trading-6-Primary-Strategies/\n18.Gregoriou, G. N. (Ed.). (2015). Handbook of high frequency trading. Academic Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-1280-2362-4.\n19.Bozdog, D., Florescu, I., Khashanah, K., & Wang, J. (2011). Rare Events Analysis for High?Frequency Equity Data. Wilmott, 2011(54), 74-81.\n20.Iati, R. (2009). The real story of trading software espionage. Advanced Trading.\n21.Cookson, C. (2013). Time is money when it comes to microwaves. Financial Times, 10.\n22.Cookson, C. (2013). Time is money when it comes to microwaves. Financial Times, 10.\n23.https://mechanicalmarkets.wordpress.com/2015/01/20/identifying-trader-type-pt-2/\n24.https://mechanicalmarkets.wordpress.com/2015/02/09/order-size-in-the-hft-era-identifying-trade-type-pt-3/\n25.https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/high-frequency-trading.asp\n26.Milnor, J. W., & Randall, G. A. (1931). The Newfoundland-Azores high-speed duplex cable. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 50(2), 389-396.\n27.Aldridge, I. (2013). High-frequency trading: a practical guide to algorithmic strategies and trading systems (Vol. 604). John Wiley & Sons.\n28.Haldane, A. (2010). Patience and finance, speech to the Oxford China Business Forum. Richard Murphy. https://www.bis.org/review/r100909e.pdf\n29.U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2010), Part III: Concept release on equity market structure; Proposed Rule, 17 CFR Part 242, Federal Register 75(13) 3594–3614 : Jan. 14 https://www.sec.gov/rules/concept/2010/34-61358.pdf\n30.Duhigg, C. (2009), Stock Traders Find Speed Pays, in Milliseconds, The New York Times, July 23. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/business/24trading.html\n31.Stafford, P. (2013). Italy introduces tax on high-speed trade and equity derivatives. Financial Times, 1.\n32.Kirilenko, A., Kyle, A. S., Samadi, M., & Tuzun, T. (2017). The flash crash: High?frequency trading in an electronic market. The Journal of Finance, 72(3), 967-998.\n33.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading\n34.Aldridge, I., & Krawciw, S. (2017). Real-time risk: What investors should know about FinTech, high-frequency trading, and flash crashes. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-31896-5\n35.Easley, D., De Prado, M. M. L., & O’Hara, M. (2011). The microstructure of the “flash crash”: flow toxicity, liquidity crashes, and the probability of informed trading. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 37(2), 118-128.\n36.IOSCO, J. (2011). Regulatory Issues Raised by the Impact of Technological Changes on Market Integrity and Efficiency. Consultation Report.\n37.Vuorenmaa, T. A., & Wang, L. (2014). An agent-based model of the flash crash of may 6, 2010, with policy implications. Available at SSRN 2336772.\n38.Ross, A., Fitzgibbon, W., & Mathiason, N. (2012). Britain opposes MEPs seeking ban on high-frequency trading. UK fighting efforts to curb high-risk, volatile system, with industry lobby dominating advice given to Treasury. The Guardian.\n39.https://www.sec.gov/marketstructure/research/hft_lit_review_march_2014.pdf\n40.https://www.nasdaq.com/investing/glossary/h/high-frequency-trading\n41.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading\n42.https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/high-frequency-trading.asp\n43.Goldstein, M. A. (2014), Special Issue on Computerized and High-Frequency Trading: Guest Editor’s Note, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 173–175 : May 2014\n44.Goldstein, M. A., P. Kumar, & F. C. Graves (2014), Computerized and High-Frequency Trading, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 177–202 : May 2014\n45.Budish, E. B., P. Cramton, & J. J. Shim (2015), The High-Frequency Trading Arms Race: Frequent Batch Auctions as a Market Design Response, Chicago Booth Research Paper, No. 14-03 : Feb. 2015\n46.Menkveld, A. J. (2014), High-Frequency Traders and Market Structure, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 333–344 : May 2014\n47.Schwartz, R. & L.Wu (2013), Equity trading in the fast lane: The Staccato Alternative, Journal of Portfolio Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, 3–6 : Spring 2013\n48.Jarnecic, E. & M. Snape (2014), The Provision of Liquidity by High-Frequency Participants, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 371–394 : May 2014\n49.Brogaard, J., T. Hendershott & R. Riordan (2014), High-Frequency Trading and Price Discovery, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 27, Issue 8, 2267–2306 : May 2014\n50.Hendershott, T. & R. Riordan (2013), Algorithmic Trading and the Market for Liquidity, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 48, No. 4, 1001–1024 : Aug. 2013\n51.Popper, N. (2012c), High-speed trading no longer hurtling forward, The New York Times, Oct. 14.\n52.Baron, M., J. Brogaard, & A. Kirilenko (2012), The trading profits of high-frequency traders. Working paper, University of Washington\n53.Jones, C. (2013a), What do we know about high-frequency trading? Columbia Business School Research Paper, No. 13–11\n54.Hasbrouck, J. & G. Saar (2013), Low-latency trading, Journal of Financial Markets, Vol. 16, Issue 4, 646–679 : Nov. 2013\n55.Credit Suisse (2012), Who let the bots out? Market quality in a high frequency world https://www.managedfunds.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/HFT.pdf\n56.Aldridge, I. (2013), High-Frequency Trading: A Practical Guide to Algorithmic Strategies and Trading Systems, 2nd Edition (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ).\n57.Kirilenko, Andrei A., & Andrew W. Lo (2013), Moore`s Law versus Murphy`s Law: Algorithmic Trading and Its Discontents, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 2, 51-72 : Spring 2013\n58.Laughlin, G., A. Aguirre, & Grundfest (2014), Information Transmission between Financial Markets in Chicago and New York, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 283–312 : May 2014\n59.Rubenstein, Ari. (2015), This High-Speed Trader Says Thanks, Regulators. The Wall Street Journal, April 23, C1.\n60.Goldstein, M. A., P. Kumar, & F. C. Graves (2014), Computerized and High-Frequency Trading, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 177–202 : May 2014\n61.Kirilenko, Andrei A., & Andrew W. Lo (2013), Moore`s Law versus Murphy`s Law: Algorithmic Trading and Its Discontents, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 2, 51-72 : Spring 2013\n62.Popper, N. (2012c), High-speed trading no longer hurtling forward, The New York Times, Oct. 14.\n63.Angel, J. J. (2014), When Finance Meets Physics: The Impact of the Speed of Light on Financial Markets and Their Regulation, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 271–281 : May 2014\n64.Laughlin, G., A. Aguirre, & Grundfest (2014), Information Transmission between Financial Markets in Chicago and New York, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 283–312 : May 2014\n65.Wissner-Gross, A. D. & C. E. Freer (2010), Relativistic statistical arbitrage, Physical Review, E 82, 056104.\n66.Brogaard, J., T. Hendershott, S. Hunt, & C. Ysusi (2014), High-frequency trading and the execution costs of institutional investors, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 345–369 : May 2014\n67.Hasbrouck, J. & G. Saar (2013), Low-latency trading, Journal of Financial Markets, Vol. 16, Issue 4, 646–679 : Nov. 2013\n68.U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2010), Part III: Concept release on equity market structure; Proposed Rule, 17 CFR Part 242, Federal Register 75(13) 3594–3614 : Jan. 14 https://www.sec.gov/rules/concept/2010/34-61358.pdf\n69.Narang, M. (2010), Tradeworx, Inc. Public commentary on SEC market structure concept release, SEC Comment letter. https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-02-10/s70210-129.pdf\n70.Patterson, S., J. Strasburg, & L. Pleven (2013), High-speed traders exploit loophole, The Wall Street Journal, May 1. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323798104578455032466082920\n71.Piwowar, M. (2013), The benefit of hindsight and the promise of foresight: A proposal for a comprehensive review of equity market structure. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Speech in London, England, Dec. 9. http://www.sec.gov/News/Speech/Detail/Speech/1370540470552\n72.Westbrook, J. (2010), SEC Vote Shows Scope of High-Frequency Trading Rules (Update2), Bloomberg, Jan. 13. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aiP2T5Sx9Nq4\n73.Goldstein, M. A., P. Kumar, & F. C. Graves (2014), Computerized and High-Frequency Trading, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 177–202 : May 2014\n74.Chung, K. H., & Lee, A. J. (2016). High?frequency Trading: Review of the Literature and Regulatory Initiatives around the World. Asia?Pacific Journal of Financial Studies, 45(1), 7-33.\n75.Wellman, B., & Berkowitz, S. D. (Eds.). (1988). Social structures: A network approach (Vol. 2). (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988, Archive).\n76.https://cambridge-intelligence.com/keylines-faqs-social-network-analysis/\n77.Goldstein, M. A., P. Kumar, & F. C. Graves (2014), Computerized and High-Frequency Trading, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 177–202 : May 2014\n78.Otte, E., & Rousseau, R. (2002). Social network analysis: a powerful strategy, also for the information sciences. Journal of information Science, 28(6), 441-453.\n79.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis\n80.https://cambridge-intelligence.com/keylines-faqs-social-network-analysis/\n81.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software\n82.https://cambridge-intelligence.com/keylines/\n83.Pritchard, A. (1969), Statistical bibliography or bibliometrics? Journal of Documentation, 25(4), 348-349 : Dec. 1969\n84.https://www.ecoom.be/en/research/bibliometrics\n85.García-García, P., López-Muñoz, F., Callejo, J., Martín-Águeda, B., & Álamo, C. (2005). Evolution of Spanish scientific production in international obstetrics and gynecology journals during the period 1986–2002. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 123(2), 150-156.\n86.https://www.surrey.ac.uk/library/documents/sridocs/Quick%20Introduction%20to%20Bibliometrics%20for%20Researchers%20-%20information%20sheet.pdf\n87.Goffman, W. & K. S. Warren (1969), Dispersion of papers among journals based on a mathematical analysis of two diverse medical literatures, Nature, 221(5187), 1205-1207 : Mar. 1969\n88.https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~donturn/research/bibweb.html\n89.Bradford, S. C. (1934), Sources of information on specific subjects, Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal, Vol. 137, 85-86 : Jan. 1934\n90.https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~donturn/research/bibweb.html\n91.Braun, T., W. Glanzel, & H. Grupp (1995), The scientometric weight of 50 nations in 27 science areas, 1989–1993. Part I. All fields combined, mathematics, engineering, chemistry and physics, Scientometrics, Vol. 33, Issue 3, 263–293 : Jul.–Aug. 1995\n92.Xie, S. D., J. Zhang, & Y. S. Ho (2008), Assessment of world aerosol research trends by bibliometric analysis, Scientometrics, Vol. 77, Issue 1, 113–130 : Jul. 2008\n93.Colman, A. M., D. Dhillon, & B. Coulthard (1995), A bibliometric evaluation of the research performance of British university politics departments: Publications in leading journals, Scientometrics, Vol. 32, Issue 1, 49–66 : Jan. 1995\n94.Ugolini, D., S. Parodi, L. Santi (1997), Analysis of publication quality in a Cancer Research Institute, Scientometrics, Vol. 38, Issue 2, 265–274 : Feb. 1997\n95.Li, Z. & Y. S. Ho (2008), Use of citation per publication as an indicator to evaluate contingent valuation research, Scientometrics, Vol. 75, Issue 1, 97–110 : Apr. 2008\n96.Li, L. L., G. H. Ding, N. Feng, M. H. Wang, & Y. S. Ho (2009b), Global stem cell research trend: bibliometric analysis as a tool for mapping of trends from 1991 to 2006, Scientometrics, Vol. 80, Issue 1, 39–58 : Jul. 2009\n97.Ugolini, D., M. A. Cimmino, C. Casilli, & G. S. Mela (2001), How the European Union writes about ophthalmology, Scientometrics, Vol. 52, Issue 1, 45–58 : Sep. 2001\n98.Qin, J. (2000), Semantic similarities between a keyword database and a controlled vocabulary database: an investigation in the antibiotic resistance literature, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 51, Issue 2, 166–180 : Jan. 2000\n99.Zhang, G. F., S. D. Xie, & Y. S. Ho (2010), A bibliometric analysis of world volatile organic compounds research trends, Scientometrics, Vol. 83, Issue 2, 477–492 : May 2010\n100.Xie, S. D., J. Zhang, & Y. S. Ho (2008), Assessment of world aerosol research trends by bibliometric analysis, Scientometrics, Vol. 77, Issue 1, 113–130 : Jul. 2008\n101.Zhang, G. F., S. D. Xie, & Y. S. Ho (2010), A bibliometric analysis of world volatile organic compounds research trends, Scientometrics, Vol. 83, Issue 2, 477–492 : May 2010\n102.Garfield, E. (1990) KeyWords PlusR: ISIR`s breakthrough retrieval method. Part I. Expanding your searching power on Current Contents on DisketteR. Current Contents (32):5-9, 6 August 1990. (Reprinted in: Essays of an Information Scientist.) Philadelphia: ISI PressR, 1991. Vol. 13. 295-9.\n103.Goldstein, M. A., P. Kumar, & F. C. Graves (2014), Computerized and High-Frequency Trading, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 177–202 : May 2014\n104.Drake, M. & M. Dekker (2003), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Second Edition, (CRC Press, New York, N.Y.)\n105.Web of Science (2014), Thomson Reuters\n106.Aghaei Chadegani, A., Salehi, H., Yunus, M., Farhadi, H., Fooladi, M., Farhadi, M., & Ale Ebrahim, N. (2013). A comparison between two main academic literature collections: Web of Science and Scopus databases. Asian Social Science, 9(5), 18-26.\n107.Zhang, J., Yu, Q., Zheng, F., Long, C., Lu, Z., & Duan, Z. (2016). Comparing keywords plus of WOS and author keywords: A case study of patient adherence research. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(4), 967-972.\n108.Chiu,W.T. & Y. S. Ho (2007), Bibliometric analysis of tsunami research. Scientometrics, Vol. 73, Issue 1, 3–17 : Oct. 2007\n109.Li, J.F., Y. H. Zhang , X. S. Wang & Y. S. Ho (2009a), Bibliometric analysis of atmospheric simulation trends in meteorology and atmospheric science journals, Croatica Chemica Acta, Vol. 82 Issue 3, 695–705 : Dec. 2009\n110.Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for social network analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.\n111.Larsen, E. N. (1986). An introduction to structural analysis: The network approach to social research: SD Berkowitz, Toronto: Butterworth, 1982.\n112.https://cambridge-intelligence.com/keylines-faqs-social-network-analysis/\n113.Freeman, L. C. (1978). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks, 1(3), 215-239.\n114.Goldstein, M. A., P. Kumar, & F. C. Graves (2014), Computerized and High-Frequency Trading, The Financial Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 177–202 : May 2014\n115.Chung, K. H., & Lee, A. J. (2016). High?frequency Trading: Review of the Literature and Regulatory Initiatives around the World. Asia?Pacific Journal of Financial Studies, 45(1), 7-33.zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi10.6814/NCCU201901120en_US
item.openairetypethesis-
item.fulltextWith Fulltext-
item.openairecristypehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_46ec-
item.grantfulltextrestricted-
item.cerifentitytypePublications-
Appears in Collections:學位論文
Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
650501.pdf3.3 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show simple item record

Google ScholarTM

Check

Altmetric

Altmetric


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.