Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125993
題名: 常民如何思考民主? ――臺灣的社會再現研究
Social Representations of Democracy: A Taiwan Study
作者: 謝政育
Hsieh, Cheng-Yu
貢獻者: 方孝謙<br>宋文里
Fong, Shiaw-Chian<br>Soong, Wen-Li
謝政育
Hsieh, Cheng-Yu
關鍵詞: 社會再現
民主
文化心理學
政治心理學
social representations
democracy
cultural psychology
political psychology
日期: 2019
上傳時間: 5-九月-2019
摘要: 本研究的具體問題可分為三個面向,其一是關注「民主」概念的意義建構;其二是關注理想的「民主」與真實的「民主」之間的關係;其三是關注理想的民主體制是否可達成?換句話說,本研究即在探究:常民對於「民主」的思考和想法――關於民主的社會再現(social representations)――反映了這些人有哪些或隱或顯的過去經驗、理解、和實踐,並導向了他們未來的希望、期待或恐懼?\n從內容的層面來看,用最通俗的詞彙來說,社會再現就是社會中常民的「共同知識」或「常識」(common sense),而本文要探究的社會再現乃是從後者的日常知識(everyday knowledge)層面開始,一直到更廣泛的共同知識為止。\n本文的研究主旨,乃是從文化心理學的角度來探究一般人對於民主的想法與思考,亦即「民主」不只是一種政治體制,同時也是一種生活方式或政治文化,其中必然包含一些難以從政治體制中發現的價值或私領域的面向,這和哲學或思想史的專家角度並不相同,雖然他們的確也指出「民主」概念的繁複性。\n由於社會再現的概念本身相當複雜,所以本研究採用質量並用的混合研究方法。研究一為媒體文本的再現,本文以語料庫分析法為主;研究二為使用研究者根據Osgood的語意區分技術所設計的「民主語意區分量表」,以探究臺灣民主化相關事件的排序,以及人們對於民主概念所開展出來的語意空間(semantic space),主要想瞭解一般人在面對去脈絡化的概念時所產生的再現;而研究三則為深度訪談,主要想瞭解難以在前兩種研究方法中探知的面向。\n研究一的媒體再現,從詞頻分析來看,發現高頻次詞彙可再依語意分為六大類,主要有「地理區域、時間和事件」、「選舉與投票」、「國家、政府、國會與政黨」、「由人民統治」、「人權、法治與規範」、「經濟與媒體」等六類,其中第一類佔絕大多數的比例。從搭配詞分析來看,本研究指出以《聯合報》來說,搭配詞大致符合學者們所認可的「民主」必要要素,但似乎較缺少強調政府的歸責性與公民社會等部分。而《自由時報》中的「民主」之搭配詞似乎更偏向支持人民的權利,但其實也較缺少政府的歸責性。至於關鍵字脈絡分析,研究者發現政治立場不同,確實會產生不同的社會再現。比如說:聯合報會有較多規範意涵及批判民進黨與讚揚中國的文章,而自由時報則對社會運動或是基本人權多所倡說,並賦予正面意涵。\n研究二語意空間的抽象再現,就「事件排序」來說,青年世代與壯年世代的結果頗為接近,而且都認為「解除戒嚴」和民主最相關,但是年長世代則認為「第一次公民直選總統」比「解除戒嚴」要更來得和「民主」相關,這可能是因為他們對於「投票」的感受度不同。而「民主語意區分量表」的部分,三個世代的共識是:民主具有正面意涵,像是有必要的、樂觀的、幸福的等等。而青年世代與壯年世代的共識則偏向人權、正義等與人權有關的保障。其中,有多組詞語的偏向符合一般人對於民主的日常知識,這可視為本量表的效度;另外,有少數幾組詞語(像是很硬/很軟、儒家/道家、基督教/佛教)與一般人對於民主的日常知識不同,不但可指出在我們談論一個社會對象時,日常知識仍有其限制與無法顯現之處,也同時凸顯了本論文使用語意區分量表的目的,就是打開這些難以被媒體或日常知識所再現的維度。\n研究三則為常民對於「民主」的社會再現,可以發現社會再現之發生與改變,主要來自於父母同儕和網路的影響。至於現實中的民主與理想中的民主雖有差異,但後者仍可由制度和人為努力而達成,且兩者都讓人有正面感受而有所期待。此外,與社會再現有關的兩個面向:說與做,展現在「選舉可說、政治不可說」以及「社會運動不可說也不可做」上。而在關於暴力的議題上,通常年長世代會認為暴力就是不應存在,不論是在日常生活或是社會運動中;但是青年世代和壯年世代則會認為要看情況區分,若在權力不均等的情況下,為了要表達自己的意見,可以允許暴力存在。更重要的是,在這個議題上,不止讓傳統性與現代性碰了頭,也讓「公領域」和「私領域」碰頭,同時也讓「客觀報導」和「個人價值觀」碰頭。最後,則是本研究浮現出一種新的再現,那就是「民主」作為一種人格特質或是互動關係,這可能是因為傳統性與現代性相互碰撞而產生的新再現。\n要之,關於民主的再現,對於常民而言,實際上可能關乎好的生活、好的未來,而不僅止於現在。但是媒體再現通常只限於過去與現在,而且也不引導正面意涵或價值,甚至強調其負面意涵。但這同時也顯現出,常民仍有理性思考的能力,並非對於大眾媒體的內容與價值觀照單全收,也可反過來批判大眾媒體,比如說:對於假新聞就有能力反省。
Recent decades in Taiwan, some people say ‘Democracy cannot be our food,’ or ‘Taiwan has been too democratic.’ This social milieu provides an important opportunity for understanding the social psychology of politics. Through the framework of Moscovici’s social representations theory, how lay people get senses of the term “democracy” was explored. While ‘democracy’ has a long history in political philosophy, studies of democracy in terms of social representations are relatively a new endeavor. These representations are likely to be constructed, maintained and changed by both implicit and explicit processes.\nIn order to explore different aspects of lay meanings (or common senses) of democracy, all subjects and interviewees were divided into three generations, meanwhile, representations of democracy were also divided into three parts in this thesis: media representations, abstract representations and social representations. Different research methods were used to examine, namely, corpus analysis, semantic differential scale and interview.\nIt was found that in newspapers, the most important terms associated with ’democracy’ were terms about political institutions, such as election, government and the President. But the results of semantic differential scale and interview indicate that ‘democracy’ is tightly associated with private sphere, ideal future and positive values, which were rarely stated in all newspapers.\nThe results suggest that lay people can think rationally just like experts do in everyday life, and in this sense, they have shown a societal knowledge and are able to criticize and challenge the media.
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描述: 博士
國立政治大學
傳播學院博士班
994515021
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0994515021
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

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