法俄能源關係之研究

Abstract

法俄能源關係最早可以追朔到19世紀末，俄羅斯帝國巴庫地區發現石油，法國羅斯柴爾德家族開始進入帝國進行石油產業投資。第一次大戰結束後，法國政府意識到石油供應的重要性，因此成立法國國家石油公司（CFP）亦即本文探討核心法國道達爾集團（Total）的前身，主掌法國石油供應的任務。1922年蘇聯成立後，法蘭西第三、第四、第五共和三個不同時期分別對蘇聯各有不同程度的雙邊互動。蘇聯於1956年第20屆蘇聯共產黨黨代表大會所發表的和平共處外交路線對法國在內的西方國家釋出善意，而法國於1958年起所遵循的戴高樂主義外交路線同樣對蘇聯釋出友誼。兩國於1960至1980年代開啟了法蘇能源互動。\n\n1991年蘇聯解體後，俄羅斯門戶大開，幾乎所有法國大型能源企業皆在俄羅斯不同的能源領域涉足投資以及合作。將近30年的時間，這些能源企業於俄羅斯的投資皆有不同程度的成績。而法國道達爾集團更在俄羅斯境內參與了眾多油氣項目，2009年道達爾集團獲得目世界上最大的天然氣項目亞瑪爾液化天然氣計畫（Projet Yamal LNG）的運營權，但隨著2014年烏克蘭危機爆發後所導致歐盟等西方國家對俄羅斯進行經濟制裁，亞瑪爾液化天然氣計畫也受到制裁的影響，而最後該項目解決了融資問題，於2017年年底正式啟動該計畫，並於2018年首次交付其生產的液化天然氣。因此道達爾集團創造了法俄能源關係新的里程碑。

The earliest French-Russian energy relationship commenced by the end of the 19th century. Petroleum was discovered in the Baku area of the Russian Empire. The French Rothschild family started its investment attempt in the petroleum industry within the territory of the Russian Empire. After World War I, the French government had realized the vital importance of the supply of crude oil/petroleum. Therefore, after the establishment of French Petroleum Company (CFP), the predecessor of Total Group namely the center case of this paper, the corporate took the wheel of petroleum supply within the French territory. Since the founding of the USSR in 1922, France had involved bilateral interactions respectively in different levels with the USSR during the Third, the Fourth and the Fifth republics. The diplomatic itinerary of “Peaceful Coexistence” issued by the Soviet Union at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 and the French Gaullist diplomatic itinerary followed by France in 1958 also showed bona fide to the Soviet Union. The two countries opened the French-Soviet energy interaction since the 1960s to the 1980s.\n\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia`s door was opened, almost all the large French energy companies have invested in and cooperated in different energy fields in Russia. For nearly 30 years, these energy companies have invested in Russia with varying degrees of success. The French Total Group has participated in many oil and gas projects in Russia. In 2009, the Total Group won the right to franchise to the world ’s largest natural gas project, the Yamal LNG project. However, as the European Union and other Western countries imposed economic sanctions on Russia after the Ukrainian crisis broken out in 2014, the Yamal LNG project was also affected by the sanctions. Eventually, by solving the financing problem, the project was officially launched by the end of 2017, and the first production of its LNG was delivered in 2018. For this reason, The Total Group has created a new milestone in French-Russian energy relationship.