有機農業合作社的研究：以宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村為例

Abstract

宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村擁有有機農業生產絕佳地理條件，透過花改場協助，行健村獲得「行健有機村」美稱。此外，農民成立有機農業合作社以服務有機農民，經營過程順逆參半。在社員不守公約或不團結引起諸多問題之表象下，或許仍須考慮背後複雜的社會關係，以及國家力量的結構性影響。\n本文採次級文獻回顧、深度訪談與參與觀察。透過文獻的耙梳，瞭解田野地的背景資料與過去研究。此外，採取深度訪談與參與觀察方式，成為合作社的一員，參與其生產過程，觀察現象以及背後的運作邏輯。最後，參酌社會鑲嵌各派學者的研究，以關係鑲嵌、結構鑲嵌以及非社會性環境鑲嵌作為本文的分析工具。\n在經濟市場面，在有機稽查員、合作社與社員參與下，有機米經過驗證且成為具備經濟市場價值之有機商品米。而自有土地的在地老農或農二代相較於沒有基礎的青農而言，青農更有擴大土地的需求。在國家政策面，地方對於國家的政策如專區計畫、各種補助、友善環境耕作政策等，確實有疑慮而導致執行落差。\n合作社面臨的內部隱憂，包含內部規約不遵守、社員不團結、獨厚特定農民之嫌等關係鑲嵌問題。再者有成本、利潤、消費者心態、友善農耕之結構鑲嵌問題。三者，區位為非社會性環境鑲嵌問題。而政府政策所造成的農村傷害，如過去政策使農村勞動力與傳統消逝、農地重劃淡化鄰里關係、合作社與非有機農的弱社會關係皆為關係鑲嵌問題。農地縮減、有機合作社難鑲嵌於農村中、合作社體質弱、有機農業為政府形塑皆為結構鑲嵌問題。有機慣行交雜環境、非社會面的農地縮減、認同與神聖性消失皆為非社會性環境鑲嵌。\n最後，本文認為有機農業合作社，重塑農村跨地域新社會關係；親疏遠近的社會關係塑造合作社的結構基礎，意即親疏遠近已內化為個人行為模式；農業政策應考量在地文化脈絡對個體的影響，以及與集體之間建立暢通管道，重視個體與集體之差異。

Xingjian Village, is the place where has the best geographical conditions to operate organic agriculture that has been assisted by Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station and named as “Xingjian Organic Village” in Sanxing, Yilan. Besides, farmers established organic agricultural cooperative to serve organic farmers, which the cooperative operates good and bad during the past years. Cooperative members disobey rules or disunite themselves and then cause various of problems beneath the surface, however, it is possible to consider the complicated social relations and the structural influence by national power.\nThis study adopts secondary literature review, in-depth interview, and participatory observation. By reviewing literature, I can realise the background and the past research of the selected field. Besides, I adopt in-depth interview and participatory observation and make myself as a member of the Xingjian Cooperative so that I could attend the whole production procedure and observe phenomenon and the logic of how farmers perform on organic or any other affairs. Eventually, I refer to scholars who study social embeddedness and then use three terminologies as relational embeddedness, structural embeddedness and non-social environmental embeddedness to be my analysis tool.\nIn this aspect of economic market, under participation of organic inspector, the cooperative and cooperative members, organic rice has been verified as organic commercial rice which has its economic market value. Local senior farmers or second generation farmers who owned their farmland to compare with young farmers who has no farming basis, these young farmers demand more land to enlarge their cultivation. In the aspect of national policy, local farmers indeed doubt governmental specific organic area project, subsidies, environmental-friendly farming policy so that it results in a gap between enforcement and local people’s thought.\nThe Xingjian Cooperative faces their internal hidden worries including disobedience of internal rules, disunity of members, suspicion of having-soft-spot for specific cooperative member which are relevant to relational embeddedness. Besides, the cooperative has cost, profit, consumer mentality, and environmental-friendly farming problems which are relevant to structural embeddedness. Third, location is the problem of non-social environmental embeddedness. In the aspect of harmful governmental policy to the rural village, the past policy compelled rural labor force and their tradition vanished, farmland readjustment weakens neighborhoods’ relations, organic cooperative has weak social relations with non-organic farmers that are all the problem of relational embeddedness. Farmland reduction, difficulty for organic cooperative to embed into rural area, weak structure of cooperative, and organic agriculture is formed by the government that are related to structural embeddedness. The overlapped organic and conventional environment, non-social farmland reduction, disappearance of identification and sanctity are non-social environmental embeddedness.\nFinally, this study considers organic agricultural cooperative rebuild rural across regional and new social relations. The social relations of ‘relations according to individuals’ consanguinity and affection’ form the structure basis of Xingjian Cooperative which means that the consideration of relations has been internalized as personal behavior mode. Agricultural policy should consider local cultural context that influences individuals and established communicable state so that takes highly attention to the differences between individual and group.