非官方標準化與廟祠同構化：臺灣及馬來西亞的土地神信仰發展的比較研究

Abstract

本文以非官方標準化及同構化的概念，分析從1970年代以來，在臺灣及馬來西亞等地的華人社會，將土地神的名稱提升為「福德正神」以及小壇或小祠修建成新廟的過程。在明清時期的敕封制度之下，若干神祇經歷了官方的「標準化」過程。然而，土地神並未納入其中，近來神明名稱改變為「福德正神」的過程，就是透過民間社會的「非官方標準化」來達成。臺灣與馬來西亞在1970年代之後，在社會變遷與現代化，以及道教、鸞堂及村落等力量的交錯互動下，改造土地神廟宇蔚為風潮，並逐漸認定土地神的正稱為「福德正神」。透過非官方標準化及廟祠同構化的交錯影響，兩地華人的各個社群對於「福德正神」的神格論述、廟宇修建、神像雕塑等，已產生漸趨一致的認知與實踐。

This article, from the perspective of unofficial standardization and homogenization, analyzes Chinese society in Taiwan and Malaysia since 1970, a period that encompasses the process by which the Earth God was promoted to the honorary designation of Fude zhengshen 福德正神 (Orthodox Deity of Blessed Virtue) and small altars or shrines were renovated into new temples. Many deities underwent an official governmental process of standardization in the system of imperially conferred titles during the Ming and Qing periods. However, the Earth God was not promoted in that process; in recent years, its designation was changed to Fude zhengshen through a process of unofficial standardization in popular society. After 1970, Taiwan and Malaysia, under the driving forces of social change and modernization and in the interplay between Daoism, luantang 鸞堂 (phoenix halls), and local villages, experienced a wave of transformation, whereby Earth God temples were remodeled and people gradually affirmed the deity`s orthodox title as Fude zhengshen. Through the interconnected influence of unofficial standardization and the homogenization of temple shrines, these two respective Chinese societies have gradually produced concordant conceptions and practices regarding expositions on the nature of Fude zhengshen, temple construction for the deity, and statues of its likeness.