三壇五部：閩中瑜珈法教主神神譜的形成及相關問題

Abstract

本文利用這三年來，在福建中部尤溪、大田與永安三縣道法壇靖中，所見到的清初以來抄本資料，以及現今田野實際儀式調查記錄，希望能探究此區域瑜珈法教主神神譜的形成，和相關「三壇五部」意涵的演變特質。論文除前言與結語外，主要分為三大節：第一節「從瑜伽密教到瑜珈法教」，先以主神穢跡金剛的兩種神咒、八臂形象與特定經文用詞，溯源比較其與唐代以來瑜伽密教經典的關係。第二節「三壇五部的意涵與演變」，則考證三壇五部應放在北宋以來密教理解，以及其在閩中瑜珈法教的繼承與轉化意涵。第三節「閩中瑜珈法教新三壇主神的建構特質」，進一步討論如何以寶王、龍樹與真武來建構「新三壇教主」的內涵，以及主要法主諸聖奉請咒文中，常凸顯其與龍樹、密教具有密切連結的特質。

This paper draws on manuscripts and materials, those which have been composed since the early Qing dynasty, that were discovered in the last three years in Daoist altars in three counties-Youxi 尤溪, Datian 大田, and Yong`an 永安-in central Fujian province, as well as recent fieldwork records of actual ritual performances in these locations. The paper attempts to investigate the formation of the pantheon for the Tantric yoga and exorcist traditions of the region and the development and characteristics of the related concept of ＂Three Precept Platforms and Five Classics.＂ In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper is primarily divided into three major sections. The first, ＂From Tantric Buddhism to Tantric Exorcism,＂ traces the origins of two divine incantations for Huiji jingang 穢跡金剛 (Ucchuṣma), the deity`s eight-armed form, and the use of language in specific scriptures found in central Fujian to compare and ascertain the relationship between these with the Tantric Yoga and Esoteric Buddhist scriptures produced since the Tang dynasty. The second section, ＂The Development and Implications of the Three Precept Platforms and Five Classics,＂ then engages in textual criticism, arguing that the concept should be understood in the context of Esoteric Buddhism since the Southern Song and as the continuation and transformation of those traditions in the Tantric Exorcist teachings of central Fujian. The third section, ＂Characteristics of the Construction of the New Main Deities of the Three Precept Platforms in Central Fujian`s Tantric Exorcism Traditions,＂ further discusses how the figures of Baowang 寶王, Longshu 龍樹, and Zhenwu 真武 came to be the ＂New Leaders of the Three Precept Platforms.＂ The third section also explores how these figures, in ritual incantations used to respectfully summon the primary ritual lineage head and all the various sages, often reveal characteristics intimately connected to Nagarjuna and Esoteric Buddhism.