中國大陸犯罪構成理論之研究

Abstract

中國大陸的犯罪構成理論借鑒于蘇聯，又隨著刑法理論研究的深入而不斷發展，從而促成了刑事責任這一不同於罪責階層的評價系統的產生與發展，建構出「罪-責-刑」的刑法體系。與階層犯罪論體系的遞進式犯罪檢驗模式不同，犯罪構成體系強調犯罪的成立必須主客觀四個方面的要件有機統一、同時滿足，在檢驗犯罪時並無剛性的次序，而且允許回溯檢驗。在犯罪的評價系統中，犯罪構成與刑事責任是相互作用、不可分割的系統要素，但刑事責任長久以來在理論和實務中並沒有被準確定位。刑事責任應當作爲犯罪構成評價犯罪行爲的落腳點，表現爲刑事責任是對犯罪行爲及行爲人的否定性評價和追究；也應是懲罰犯罪的起始點，表現為刑事責任是犯罪行為的法律後果，是實施刑罰的前提，由此建構「罪-責-刑」刑法體系。同時，刑事責任通過對犯罪的社會危害性的評價與犯罪構成存在著本質的聯係，刑事責任的根據應當是犯罪的社會危害性的完整表達，即犯罪構成和正當化是由，由此能夠解決犯罪構成與正當化事由的體系矛盾。

The crime constitution theory in mainland China is borrowed from the Soviet Union and develops with the deepening of the theory of criminal law. This has contributed to the emergence and development of criminal responsibility, which is different from the system of Guilt (Schuld). Different from the progressive crime test mode of the three-tier criminal system, the crime constitution system emphasizes that the establishment of a crime must organically unify the subjective and objective elements and meet them at the same time. There is no rigid order in the test of crime, and it allows the retrospective test. In the evaluation system of crime, the constitution of crime and criminal responsibility are interactive and inseparable system elements, but criminal responsibility has not been accurately positioned in theory and practice for a long time. Criminal responsibility should be regarded as the foothold of the evaluation of criminal behavior, which shows that criminal responsibility is the negative evaluation and investigation of criminal behavior and the actor; it should also be the starting point of punishing crime, which shows that criminal responsibility is the legal consequence of criminal behavior and the premise of penalty, so as to construct the relationship between crime, criminal responsibility, and penalty. At the same time, there is an essential connection between criminal responsibility and the crime constitution through the evaluation of the social harmfulness of crime. The basis of criminal responsibility should be the complete expression of the social harmfulness of crime, that is, the crime constitution and the justified act are the causes, which can solve the system contradiction between the crime constitution and the justified act.