企業租稅負擔與工作機會成長

Abstract

本篇研究問題為企業租稅負擔與工作機會成長兩者之間的關聯性。期望藉由研究租稅負擔與工作成長的關聯程度，以預測當政府對企業減稅時，是否能夠創造出更多就業機會。透過理論的分析與實證的檢驗，本文得以評斷，減稅作為一種政策工具，其有效性為何。\n\n在理論基礎上，藉由哈柏格兩要素兩部門一般均衡模型可以得知，當勞動與資本呈現互補關係，且政府課徵資本要素稅時，減稅可創造更多就業機會。另一方面，如若企業屬勞力密集型態產業，就業機會提升的幅度更大。另參照相關實證研究成果，本文亦將企業的現金持有比率以及給定的工作機會成長率納入考量，檢視減稅的效果，是否在現金持有較少的企業及給定工作機會成長率較高的企業上更明顯。\n\n實證分析部分，本文選用租稅規避指標以量測企業租稅負擔程度。並且採用最小平方法模型、分量迴歸模型以及邏輯斯迴歸模型等三種方法以估計租稅負擔程度與工作機會成長間的關聯性。結果顯示，當企業租稅負擔下降時，其工作機會成長率確實上升。而上升的程度在以下三者情況下會更高，分別是現金持有比率偏高時、勞動密集程度偏高時以及給定工作機會成長率偏高時。除了現金持有比率外，其他研究結果皆與現有之理論實證文獻相符。現金持有比率部分，有待後續更嚴謹之理論建構與實證分析加以解釋。\n\n另一方面，本文也跳脫過去的研究框架，除了成長率外，另以機率的方式呈現租稅負擔對勞動投入的影響。根據邏輯斯迴歸模型的結果，企業租稅負擔下降時，其開闢新工作的機率也會上升。因此不論使用成長率或是機率作為衡量標準，租稅負擔對於勞動投入皆具有正面影響。

The thesis is dealing with the relationship between business tax burden and employment growth. By discussing the topic, we can predict whether companies create more jobs when they encounter tax breaks. The combination of theory and empirical data helps us to examine the effectiveness of tax reduction as a policy to promote employment growth.\n\nAccording to the general equilibrium analysis, taken by A.C Harberger, tax breaks can create more employment opportunities under the circumstance that labor and capital are complementary factors and the government only taxes on capital owners. Moreover, factor allocation plays an important role. The more labor-intensive a corporate is, the more jobs it can provide during the tax break period. Besides, present empirical results let us know that the given rate of cash holding and employment growth are also moderating variables which we should take into account.\n\nWhen it comes to data analysis, this article chose tax avoidance as a way to measure business tax burden. With ordinary least square model, quantile regression model, and logistic regression model, we can estimate the relation between tax burden and employment growth. The result reveals a positive correlation among these two variables. Given the high rate of cash holding, labor-intensive, and employment growth, the positive correlation tends to be even stronger. Expect for cash holding, all research outcomes are consistent with the present literature. Future theoretical construction and positive analysis should be taken seriously to explore the role of cash holding in this topic.\n\nUnlike present literature, this article applies probability as an additional way to measure the influence of tax burden. Based on the result of logistic regression model, the probability of creating new jobs will rise when the business tax burden declines. Therefore, no matter what measurement we apply, tax burden and labor input have a positive correlation.