華語社群媒體提出需求的語用策略——以《批踢踢》語料為例

Abstract

日常生活中難免會遇到緊急或令人著急的事情，自己無法在短時間內解決的時候，不少人會在社群媒體上向大眾提出需求，索取特定資訊、物品、人力等。本論文研究人們遇到嚴重性不同的事件如何在社群媒體上向他人提出需求，以《批踢踢實業坊》上的發文作為語料，分出四類嚴重性低到高的事件：「資訊取得」、「日常需求」、「重大事件」、「危難事件」，研究旨在探討提出需求話語的內部結構變化與事件嚴重性的關聯。先運用言語行為理論（speech act）（Searle, 1969）分析策略，再結合「語步」（move）的概念（Swales, 1990; Biber, Conner & Upton, 2007），將功能相似且經常互相搭配的策略劃成一個語步，最後把每類事件的常用語步組合製作成提出需求模板。\n「提出需求」言語行為由主體行為和輔助行為構成，研究結果顯示主體行為有不同功能，形成四種語步：提出需求、重申需求、要求聯繫和要求轉發；提出需求語步是整個言語行為的核心，四大類事件在此語步採取不同主體策略，資訊取得最常應用提問策略，而且常附帶引起他人重視的話語，日常需求運用宣告或探詢，重大事件和危難事件以指示策略為主。重申需求、要求聯繫和要求轉發語步，在危難事件最有可能全部涵蓋，另外三類事件大多只具備重申需求或要求聯繫語步。\n輔助行為大多分布在三個語步：準備、說明、結尾。準備語步給予受話者心理準備，位於整個言語行為開頭，重大和危難事件常在準備語步聲明需求來源。兩到三個說明語步會穿插出現在主體行為之間：說明需求背景和重要資訊普遍出現於提出需求語步前後；有日常需求的發話者在要求聯繫之後說明報償形式和減少受話者負擔的方法；面臨重大事件的發話者最常在說明語步加入訴諸情感的話語試圖喚起他人同理心。結尾語步是最後一個語步，四類事件都在此傳達感謝。\n本論文的貢獻在於以實際溝通語料為本，研究結果更貼近真實語言使用。特定策略和語步組合都能顯現出事件的嚴重性，可供輿情分析和機器學習應用。此外，本論文的提出需求模板有助於華語學習者面臨不同嚴重等級的事件時，更快速地選擇和組織策略。

Emergency or urgent matters inevitably happen in daily life. When people cannot deal with emergency or urgent matters in a short period of time, many would make a request to the public on social media in order to get information, goods, assistance, etc. This thesis focuses on how people make a request on social media when they encounter urgent matters. The aim is to explore the relationship between the inner structure of request and the severity of events. The research data based on posts on PTT Bulletin Board System, ranging from low to high severity, were divided into four four kinds of events: information obtained, daily needs, serious incidents, and emergency cases. Speech act theory (Searle, 1969) was applied to analyze request strategies. Moreover, the concept of ‘move’ was introduced into the analysis(Swales, 1990; Biber, Conner & Upton, 2007); adjacent strategies with similar function would form a move. Finally, four templates representing the common combination moves for each kind of events were proposed.\nAs for the speech act of making a request, it is composed of ‘head act’ and ‘supportive move’. The result showed that ‘head acts’ form four moves: making a request, reaffirming the request, requesting to contact, and requesting to forward. The move of making a request was the core of the speech act, but there were different preferred strategies used for the four kinds of event. To obtain information, asking a question was the commonest. The word ji2 ‘urgent’ was often used after the question as a strategy to make the request be taken more seriously. To ask for daily needs, seeking assistance and query were often applied. When a serious incident or an emergency case happened, addressers prefered to make a request in the imperative. Furthermore, there was a higher possibility for an emergency case to include the move of reaffirming the request, requesting to contact and requesting to forward. The other three kinds of events only had the move of reaffirming the request or requesting to contact.\nThe majority of ‘supportive moves’ could be divided into three moves: preparing, explaining, and ending. Preparing move was used to help the addressee psychologically prepared, usually at the beginning of a request. If there was a serious incident or an emergency case, addressers would tell the source of the request at preparing move. Two to three explaining moves interspersed with head acts. It was common to explain background and important information before or after making a request. For daily needs, after requesting for contact, the addressers would explain how to requite addressees or how to reduce the addressees’ burden. When a serious incident happened, the addressers often made the addressees to be more empathetic on purpose at the explaining move. At the end of the speech act, all the events had appreciation words as the ending move.\nThis thesis was based on real communication data. Therefore, the result is closer to real language use. The specific strategies and the combination of moves not only reveal the severity of events, but also can be applied to the analysis of public opinions and machine learning. Moreover, when facing with events of different levels of severity, the templates of this thesis can help CFL learners (Chinses as a foreign language) select and organize strategies more quickly and properly.