碳排放權交易制度下之登錄處立法研究——以歐盟登錄處及其碳市場犯罪為例

Abstract

隨著全球經濟發展，溫室氣體排放量的增加加劇了氣候變遷此一環境問題，許多國家或地區已透過排放權交易制度來作為減緩氣候變遷的政策，在排放權交易制度的眾多制度構面中，「登錄處」為其中一項關鍵要素。實施排放權交易制度之區域的立法，均設有與登錄處相關的規定，歐盟甚至曾為了因應發生於其碳市場上的犯罪行為，對與登錄處有關之規範進行大幅度的修正，可見登錄處在排放權交易制度下有其重要性。本文之研究目的在於透過文獻以及數個國家或地區之登錄處立法，瞭解登錄處之主要功能為何，並藉由歐盟之經驗，從登錄處法制上的演變探究登錄處於既有功能外，是否亦額外兼具「防範碳市場之犯罪行為」的能力。\n本文於進行文獻回顧後得出，登錄處主要具備四大功能——扮演資訊中心之角色、維持碳市場穩定運作、確保透明化、及確保登錄系統的監管，至於能否從歐盟之立法經驗，得出登錄處另外兼具防範市場犯罪行為之第五大功能？經本文研究後發現，並非所有發生於碳市場的犯罪型態都與登錄處之使用有關，故僅透過登錄處之法制改革，仍舊無法使登錄處具備預防市場犯罪行為的功能。然而從歐盟的經驗仍可得知，若能夠優化或增強既有功能下的部分制度要素，登錄處還是能夠防範某些特定類型的犯罪，進而達到維護環境及市場完整性的功效。

In recent years, many countries or regions have adopted emissions trading systems as policy tools to mitigate climate change. Registry is one of the institutional elements under the emissions trading system and all of the emissions trading legislations contain specific provisions on registry. The European Union had made substantial amendments to its registry regulation as a response to criminal activities in its carbon market. Therefore, it seems that registry is a key mechanism under the carbon emissions trading system. The research purpose of this article is to understand the main functions and constituent elements of the registry system through literature review and surveying the registry legislation of several countries or regions. And based on the EU’s experience in responding to carbon market crimes and the evolution of the registry legal system, this research also attempts to explore whether the registry system has the ability to prevent carbon market crime in addition to its existing functions.\nAfter documenting and analyzing the literature, this article concludes that the registry system has four main functions—acting as an information center, maintaining the stable operation of the carbon market, ensuring transparency, and ensuring the supervision of the registry system. By examining the report of International Criminal Police Organization, we could find that not all types of illegal acts that occur in the carbon market are related to the use of the registry system. Therefore, the registry system itself cannot be equipped with the function of preventing carbon market crimes. However, from the experience of the European Union, this research finds that if some of the constituent elements under the four existing functions can be optimized or enhanced, the registry system can still prevent certain types of crimes and lessen their negative effects, thereby achieving the objective of maintaining the environmental integrity of the carbon market.