移工政策治理與反抗的批判論述分析：以臺灣移工聯盟為例

Abstract

在政府將移工建構為客工的背景下，本研究探討臺灣移工聯盟如何抗衡治理移工的相關論述，及其面臨之困境，從而找尋移工運動突破訴求停滯的可能。本研究採以Norman Fairclough的批判論述分析與Nancy Fraser的需求詮釋的政治為研究方法，並以2016年〈就業服務法〉第52條修法、2017-2018年非公民政治權論述的發展與運用，為本研究分析的主要事件。\n\n本研究發現，在〈就業服務法〉第52條修法的過程中，面對立委與勞動部的專家論述、仲介業者的再私化論述，臺灣移工聯盟面臨兩種困境：（一）為促成修法進度必須順應專家論述而自我限縮論述的發展空間；（二）礙於修法內容的範圍，難以將過往對於〈就業服務法〉結構性問題之批判帶入討論之中。後期發展與運用非公民政治權論述的嘗試，本研究發現臺灣移工聯盟使用兩種論述策略：（一）挑戰臺灣以公民身分劃分政治權利的意識形態、（二）創造新的非公民主體以形塑移工的身分；但面臨了三個困境：（一）政治權利開放標準的界定不明確、（二）群眾對於非公民政治權的理解缺乏、（三）以非公民政治權爭取移工權益的侷限。\n\n本研究對於移工運動之發展提出兩項建議：（一）撐出公領域中反抗論述的討論空間，以簡明但深刻的方式呈現〈就業服務法〉的複雜歷史脈絡與制度性問題；（二）擴充與修正非公民政治權的論述，使非公民政治權論述能具體為移工爭取權益，同時在代議民主制的侷限下，促使移工與本地勞工的團結。

Migrant workers have been positioned as guest workers in government discourse, this research is aimed to analyze how the migrant advocacy group, Migrants Empowerment Network in Taiwan (MENT), tried to challenge that guest worker discourse in the public sphere in order to point out the possibilities for the migrant movement. This research adopts Norman Fairclough`s critical discourse analysis and Nancy Fraser`s ‘the politics of need interpretation’ as analysis framework and research methods. Two incidents have been chosen as the target for analysis: the ‘Employment Service Act’ Article 52 amendment in 2016 and the development and application in the political rights of non-citizens in 2017-2018 in this research.\n\nMajor findings of this research are as follows. In the process of amending ‘Employment Service Act’ Article 52 to waive broker fee in 2016, facing with expert discourses from legislators and the Ministry of Labor and reprivatization discourses from brokers, MENT encounters two dilemmas: (1) considering the amendment process, MENT was forced to conform to expert discourses and self-limited its labor right discourse; (2) as the amendment is confined to the broker fee issue, it is difficult for MENT to challenge the guest worker framework during the discussion process of the ‘Employment Service Act’. Regarding MENT tried to adopt “non-citizen” as a new discourse to promote the political rights of migrant workers, this research finds that MENT uses two discourse strategies: (1) challenge the legal-status based citizenship ideology in Taiwan, and (2) create ‘new subject’ of non-citizens to reframe migrant worker. However, the research finds that MENT faces three dilemmas at the same time, including: (1) definitions of the political rights for non-citizens are not clear, (2) the lack of understanding for the political rights of non-citizens among the public, and (3) the limitations of using political rights of non-citizens to fight for migrant workers` rights.\n\nThis research provides two suggestions for the future development of migrant movement: (1) expanding the space for oppositional discourse in the public sphere, by using a concise but profound way to present the issues of the ‘Employment Service Act’; (2) extending and revising the discourse on the political rights of non-citizens, so that it can provide grounds for migrant workers’ rights, and at the same time promoting the solidarity of migrant workers and local workers within the constraints of representative democracy.