Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136756
題名: 馬來西亞降低投票年齡政策始末 (2016 – 2019) - 約翰金敦之多元流架構觀點
Lowering the Voting Age in Malaysia (2016 – 2019) – A Perspective of John Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework
作者: 周家慧
Chow, Karen Kai Wai
貢獻者: 吳得源
Wu, Der-Yuan
周家慧
Chow, Karen Kai Wai
關鍵詞: 公共政策
政策過程
議程設置
投票年齡
投票
public policy
policy process
agenda-setting
voting age
voting
日期: 2021
上傳時間: 4-八月-2021
摘要: 2019年7月16日馬來西亞議會一致地通過憲法增修法案將法定投票年齡從21歲降低至18歲。投票改革的想法在 2017 年出現,接著在 2019 年迅速被採納。本研究探討了這項改革的議程設置過程,以了解該想法如何被推進到決策議程。本研究採用約翰金敦之多元流架構觀點來辨識問題、政策、政治流、關鍵人物和政策窗中引領降低投票年齡作為議程的因素和特徵。研究結果顯示該框架的屬性是顯而易見的,但指出本研究存在一些限制。該研究為約翰金敦的多元流架構觀點提供了理論上的見解。
The Parliament of Malaysia passed the Constitution (Amendment) Bill 2019 unanimously on July 16, 2019, to lower the voting age from twenty-one years old to eighteen years old. The voting reform idea emerged in 2017 before it was swiftly adopted in 2019. This study explores the agenda-setting process for this reform to understand how the idea advanced to the decision agenda. The study uses John Kingdon`s multiple streams framework to identify the factors and characteristics in problem, policy, and political stream, key individuals, and policy windows that lead to lowering the voting age as agenda. The results show that the framework`s attributes are evident but suggest some limitations on the study. The study contributes theoretical insights into Kingdon’s multiple streams framework.
參考文獻: @SyedSaddiq (2021). Retrieved June 1, 2021 from https://twitter.com/SyedSaddiq?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\n@syedsaddiq’ (2021). Retrieved June 1, 2021 from https://www.instagram.com/syedsaddiq/?hl=en\n@syedsaddiqofficial (2021). Retrieved June 1, 2021 from https://www.facebook.com/syedsaddiqofficial/\nAbdul Rashid, H. R. (2018, December 10, 2018). UUCA amendment passed, allows students’ political involvement on campus. Government/Public Policy. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/government-public-policy/2018/12/439333/uuca-amendment-passed-allows-students-political\nAguilar, E. E., & Pacek, A. C. (2000). Macroeconomic Conditions, Voter Turnout, and the Working-class/Economically Disadvantaged Party Vote in Developing Countries. Comparative Political Studies, 33(8), 995-1017. doi:10.1177/0010414000033008001\nAhmad, Z., & Mohd Zain, Z. (2021). Political Involvement among Youth in Malaysia: Lessons Learnt. International Journal of Media and Communication Research, 2(1), 11-22. doi:10.25299/ijmcr.v2i1.6122\nAhmadZaini, A. J., & Samsudin, M. (2019). The Development of Federal Administrative System in the Federated Malay States. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 16(No. 9), 133-155. Retrieved from https://ejournal.ukm.my/ebangi/article/view/36295\nAhmed, M., Kausar, R., & Behan, R. A. (2019). Analysis of Democratic Constitutional Monarchy: A Case Study of Political System of Malaysia. Asia Pacific-Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia, 34.\nAlJazeera. (2018, May 10, 2018). Malaysia’s opposition pulls off shocking election win. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/10/malaysias-opposition-pulls-off-shocking-election-win/\nAnderson. (2003). Public Policymaking: An Introduction, 5th Eds: Boston: Hougton Mifflin.\nAnderson, J. E. (2000). Public policymaking : an introduction. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.\nAngelucci, C., & Prat, A. (2020). Measuring Voters` Knowledge of Political News.\nAraral, E., Fritzen, S., Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Wu, X. (2012). Routledge handbook of public policy: Routledge.\nAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations. (2017). First ASEAN Youth Development Index. Retrieved from Jakarta, Indonesia: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ASEAN-UNFPA_report_web-final-05sep.pdf\nAttorney General’s Chambers of Malaysia. (2021, 2021). Malaysia Federal Legislation. Timeline. Retrieved from https://lom.agc.gov.my/federal-constitution.php\nBaharuddin, S. A., & Athi, S. (2013). Ethnicity and identity formation: Colonial knowledge, colonial structures and transition. Routledge handbook of contemporary Malaysia, 267-278.\nBaker, N. (2019, 29 March 2019). Bill to Lower Voting Age to 16 Shut Down by Parliamentary Inquiry. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au/news/bill-to-lower-voting-age-to-16-shut-down-by-parliamentary-inquiry\nBBC News. (2013). Malaysia election turnout ‘very impressive’. Asia. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-22417167\nBerger, P. (1950). Elections and Parties in Austria. The Journal of Politics, 12(3), 511-529.\nBergh, J. (2013). Does voting rights affect the political maturity of 16- and 17-year-olds? Findings from the 2011 Norwegian voting-age trial. Electoral Studies, 32(1), 90-100. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2012.11.001\nBERNAMA. (2018, December 20, 2018). Senate passes AUKU (Amendment) Bill 2018. Local. Retrieved from https://www.thesundaily.my/local/senate-passes-auku-amendment-bill-2018-AN294453\nBERNAMA. (2019, July 24, 2019). Dewan Negara passes Amendment Bill to reduce youth age cap to 30. Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/07/24/dewan-negara-passes-amendment-bill-to-reduce-youth-age-cap-to-30/1774495\nbersih 2.0. (2021). Background. Retrieved from https://www.bersih.org/about/background/\nBhavan, J. (2020, May 28). Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad disputes sacking from Bersatu, the party he co-founded. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3086552/malaysias-mahathir-mohamad-sacked-bersatu-party-he-founded\nBirkland, T. A. (2019). An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making: Routledge.\nBlais, & Dobrzynska. (1998). Turnout in electoral democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 33(2), 239-261.\nBlais, Gidengil, Nevitte, & Nadeau. (2004). Where Does Turnout Decline Come From? European Journal of Political Research, 43(null), 221-236.\nBlais, & St‐Vincent. (2011). Personality traits, political attitudes and the propensity to vote. European Journal of Political Research, 50(3), 395-417.\nBronner, L., & Ifkovits, D. (2019). Voting at 16: Intended and unintended consequences of Austria`s electoral reform. Electoral Studies, 61, 102064. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102064\nBuchanan, K. (2019). Malaysia: Bill Reducing Voting Age to 18 Passed. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/malaysia-bill-reducing-voting-age-to-18-passed/#:~:text=(July%2018%2C%202019)%20On,21%20years%20to%2018%20years.\nBurma Campaign UK. (2008). Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 2008. Retrieved from https://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf\nCahill, A. G., & Overman, E. S. (1990). The evolution of rationality in policy analysis. Policy theory and policy evaluation: Concepts, knowledge, causes, and norms, 11-27.\nCairney, P. (2012). Understanding public policy : theories and issues. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.\nCairney, P. (2019). Understanding public policy: Red Globe Press.\nCameron, S., & McAllister, I. (2019). The 2019 Australian Federal Election: Results from the Australian Election Study. Retrieved from Canberra: https://australianelectionstudy.org/wp-content/uploads/The-2019-Australian-Federal-Election-Results-from-the-Australian-Election-Study.pdf\nCarstensen, M. B. (2011). Ideas are not as stable as political scientists want them to be: A theory of incremental ideational change. Political Studies, 59(3), 596-615.\nCarvalho, M., Sivanandam, H., Rahim, R., & Tan, T. (2019, April 16, 2019). Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18. The Star.\nChampine, R. B., & Johnson, S. K. (2017). Towards the promotion of positive development among boys in challenging contexts: A mixed-methods study of engagement in the Scoutreach Initiative. Journal of Youth Development, 12(4), 16-37.\nChan, T. W., & Clayton, M. (2006). Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen? Normative and Empirical Considerations. Political Studies, 54(null), 533-558.\nChester, T., & Arjuna, C. S. (2019). Historic, says Mahathir, after ‘Undi18’ constitutional amendment received bipartisan support. The Edge Markets. Retrieved from https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/historic-says-mahathir-after-undi-18-constitutional-amendment-receives-bipartisan-support\nChief Registrar Federal Court of Malaysia. (2021). History of Malaysian Judiciary. Retrieved from http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/en/about-us/history-malaysian-judiciary\nChief Secretary Office. (2021). Official Portal. Retrieved from https://www.ksn.gov.my/\nChin, J., & Wan Jan, W. S. (2012). Nine Ideas to Improve Our Electoral System: Submission to the Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) on Electoral Reforms. Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur: https://www.parlimen.gov.my/images/webuser/jkuasa/memorandom/12012012/IDEAS.pdf\nChinnasamy, S. (2017). New media political engagement and participation in Malaysia: Routledge.\nChinnasamy, S., & Mohamed Azmi, N. (2018). Malaysian 14th General Election: Young Voters & Rising Political Participation. The Journal of Social Sciences Research(SPI4). doi:10.32861/jssr.spi4.125.138\nChong, C. T. (2018). Democratic breakthrough in Malaysia–Political opportunities and the role of Bersih. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 37(3), 109-137.\nChung, H. L., Jusu, B., Christensen, K., Venescar, P., & Tran, D. a. (2018). Investigating motivation and engagement in an urban afterschool arts and leadership program. Journal of Community Psychology, 46(2), 187-201.\nCNA Reporter. (2018, July 2, 2018). Syed Saddiq appointed Malaysia’s youngest-ever minister at 25 years old. Asia. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/syed-saddiq-appointed-malaysia-s-youngest-ever-minister-at-25-10491374\nCobb, & Elder. (1971). The Politics of Agenda-Building: An Alternative Perspective for Modern Democratic Theory. The Journal of Politics, 33(4), 892-915. doi:10.2307/2128415\nCobb, & Elder. (1972). Participation in American politics : the dynamics of agenda-building. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.\nCobb, Ross, & Ross. (1976). Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process. American Political Science Review, 70(1), 126-138. doi:10.1017/S0003055400264034\nCochran, C., & Malone, E. (2014). Public Policy: Perspectives and Choices (Vol. Fifth Edition): Lynne Rienner Publishers.\nCohen, A. K., & Chaffee, B. W. (2013). The relationship between adolescents’ civic knowledge, civic attitude, and civic behavior and their self-reported future likelihood of voting. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 8(1), 43-57. doi:10.1177/1746197912456339\nCollier, P., & Vicente, P. C. (2012). Violence, bribery, and fraud: the political economy of elections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Public Choice, 153(1-2), 117-147. doi:10.1007/s11127-011-9777-z\nCommonwealth Secretariat. (2016). Global Youth Development Index and Report 2016. Retrieved from London, United Kingdom: https://thecommonwealth.org/youthdevelopmentindex\nConstitutional Council of Cambodia. (2015, October 2015). The Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Retrieved from https://ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791\nCook, P. (2013). Against a Minimum Voting Age. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 16(3), 439-458. doi:10.1080/13698230.2013.795707\nCornell Legal Information Institute. (1992). Separation of Power. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/separation_of_powers_0\nCowley, P., & Denver, D. (2004). Votes at 16? The case against. Representation, 41(1), 57-62. doi:10.1080/00344890408523289\nCreswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.\nCultice, W. W. (1992). Youth`s battle for the ballot: A history of voting age in America: Praeger.\nDahl, R. A. (2021, March 9). Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/democracy\nDahlgaard, J. O. (2018). Trickle-up political socialization: The causal effect on turnout of parenting a newly enfranchised voter. American Political Science Review, 112(3), 698-705.\nDalton, R. J. (2007). Partisan mobilization, cognitive mobilization and the changing American electorate. Electoral Studies, 26(2), 274-286.\nDawes, C., Cesarini, D., Fowler, J. H., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K. E., & Oskarsson, S. (2014). The Relationship between Genes, Psychological Traits, and Political Participation. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 888-903. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24363532\nDeNardo, J. (1980). Turnout and the Vote: The Joke`s on the Democrats. The American Political Science Review, 406-420.\nDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs. (2019a). Data Query Population by Age and Sex (Thousands). Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/\nDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs. (2019b). World Population Prospects 2019: Demographic Profiles. Retrieved from New York: https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Volume-II-Demographic-Profiles.pdf\nDepartment of Information Malaysia. (2016). Malaysia History Summary. Retrieved from https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120\nDepartment of Statistics Malaysia. (2020a). Compendium of Environment Statistics, Malaysia 2020. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=162&bul_id=TjM1ZlFxb3VOakdmMnozVms5dUlKZz09&menu_id=eWd2VFdIZ2xpdzBmT2Y0a0pweDcwQT09#\nDepartment of Statistics Malaysia. (2020b). Malaysia Monthly Statistical Bulletin December 2020. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/archiveByCat&menu_id=V1NxcDJhaEpYUUcxVG55a0h1eFZ5Zz09\nDESA. (1995). World Summit for Social Development 1995. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/social-summit-5.html\nDolowitz, D., & Marsh, D. (1996). Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature. Political Studies, 44(2), 343-357.\nDowd, N. E. (2018). Reimagining equality: A new deal for children of color: NYU Press.\nDye, T. R. (2017). Understanding public policy. Florida State: Pearson.\nEarle, E. M. (1925). The New Constitution of Turkey. Political Science Quarterly, 40(No. 1), 89.\nEconomic Planning Unit. (2010). 10th Malaysia Plan. Putrajaya Retrieved from https://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Malaysia_2011_Tenth_Plan_Youth_Chapter.pdf\nEichhorn, J. (2018). Votes At 16: New Insights from Scotland on Enfranchisement. Parliamentary Affairs, 71(2), 365-391. doi:10.1093/pa/gsx037\nElectoral Commission. (2004). Age of Electoral Majority: Report and Recommendations. 25.\nElectoral Commission, & Russell, A. (2002). Voter Engagement and Young People: Research Report, July 2002: Electoral Commission.\nEngerman, S. L., & Sokoloff, K. L. (2005). The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World. The Journal of Economic History, 65(4), 891-921. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3874908\nEvans, M. (2017). Policy transfer in global perspective: Taylor & Francis.\nEvans, S. D. (2007). Youth sense of community: Voice and power in community contexts. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(6), 693-709.\nFadzel, A. (2005). Malaysia: A case study. Available at SSRN 929854.\nFederation of Malaysia. (1963). Agreement Concluded Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore: HeinOnline.\nFensom, A. (2018, May 11, 2018). Malaysia’s Election: A Surprise Win for Reform. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/malaysias-election-a-surprise-win-for-reform/\nFlanagan, C., Stoppa, T., Syvertsen, A. K., & Stout, M. (2010). Schools and social trust. In Handbook of research on civic engagement in youth. (pp. 307-329). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.\nForbes. (2021). Forbes 30 Under 30, 2021. Asia: Social Impact. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/profile/undi18/?list=30under30-asia-social-impact&sh=154f65683064\nGabriel, S. P. (2015). The meaning of race in Malaysia: Colonial, post-colonial and possible new conjunctures. Ethnicities, 15(6), 782-809. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/stable/24811048\nGalston, W. A. (2001). Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education. Annual Review of Political Science, 4(1), 217-234.\nGerakan Undi18. (2018). Malaysian cabinet decides to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/MyUndi18/photos/pcb.2394565270558898/2394564803892278/?type=3&theater\nGerakan Undi18. (2019). Government to amend bill lowering the voting age to 18 to include automatic voter registration and the lowering of the minimum age of parliamentarians [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/MyUndi18/posts/2871721529509934\nGiedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., . . . Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature neuroscience, 2(10), 861-863.\nGold, S. S. (2016). 4 Ways to Be a Better Voter. Scientific American Mind. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/4-ways-to-be-a-better-voter/\nGormley, W. T. (1986). Regulatory issue networks in a federal system. Polity, 18(4), 595-620.\nGreen, D. P., & Shachar, R. (2000). Habit formation and political behaviour: Evidence of consuetude in voter turnout. British Journal of Political Science, 561-573.\nGriffin, C. (1993). Representations of Youth: the study of youth and adolescence in Britain and America (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Polity Press.\nHaas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International organization, 1-35.\nHamid, N., & Rahman, S. A. (2018). Impact of Social Media on Malaysia’s Election Landscape. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 275-284.\nHancock, D. R., & Algozzine, B. (2017). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers: Teachers College Press.\nHarper, T. N. (2001). The end of empire and the making of Malaya: Cambridge University Press.\nHart, D., & Atkins, R. (2011). American sixteen-and seventeen-year-olds are ready to vote. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 633(1), 201-222.\nHassandarvish, M. (2021, September 18, 2020). Undi18: With millions of new voters, EC set to roll out automatic registration by June 2021. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2020/09/18/undi-18-with-millions-of-new-voters-election-commission-set-to-roll-out-aut/1904459\nHead, J. (2018). Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad sworn in after shock comeback victory. Asia. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44063675\nHerweg, N., Zahariadis, N., & Zohlnhöfer, R. (2018). The multiple streams framework: Foundations, refinements, and empirical applications. Theories of the policy process, 17-53.\nHill, M., & Varone, F. (2021). The public policy process: Routledge.\nHirschman, C. (1986). The making of race in colonial Malaya: Political economy and racial ideology. Paper presented at the Sociological Forum.\nHomsy, G. C., Liu, Z., & Warner, M. E. (2019). Multilevel governance: Framing the integration of top-down and bottom-up policymaking. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 572-582.\nHowlett, M. (2011). Designing public policies : principles and instruments / Michael Howlett. London ;: Routledge.\nHudders, L., De Jans, S., & De Veirman, M. (2021). The commercialization of social media stars: a literature review and conceptual framework on the strategic use of social media influencers. International Journal of Advertising, 40(3), 327-375. doi:10.1080/02650487.2020.1836925\nIbrahim, M. I. (2018, December 10, 2018). Pindaan AUKU diluluskan sebulat suara. Nasional. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/12/507721/pindaan-auku-diluluskan-sebulat-suara\nIDEAS. (2021). About Us. Retrieved from https://www.ideas.org.my/our-history/\nIndramalar, S. (2016, October 31, 2016). Perdana Fellowship gives youth a say in policy. Peope. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/people/2016/10/31/perdana-fellowship-gives-youth-a-say-in-policy\nInter-Parliamentary Union. (2021, December 31, 2020). Minimum age for voting in parliamentary elections. Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=chamber%3A%3Afield_min_age_vote_elect&structure=any__lower_chamber#bar\nInternational IDEA. (2018). Malaysia Voter Turnout. Retrieved from https://www.idea.int/data-tools/question-countries-view/521/221/ctr\nInternational Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook Database April 2021. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1\nJB. (2012). Should 16-year-olds Vote? Retrieved from https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/should-16-year-olds-vote-602d583ede135b9236826d49\nJohari, F. N., Abd Kadir, F. F., Yahya, N. A., & Yusoff, R. A. (2011). First past the post electoral system in Malaysia: a comparative and legal perspective.\nJohnson, S. B., Blum, R. W., & Giedd, J. N. (2009). Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3), 216-221.\nJomo, K. S. (2017). The new economic policy and interethnic relations in Malaysia: Routledge.\nKasumagic, L. (2008). Engaging youth in community development: Post-war healing and recovery in Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Review of Education, 54(3), 375-392.\nKennedy, E. M. (1970). Lowering the National Voting Age to 18. Edward M. Kennedy Institute Retrieved from https://www.emkinstitute.org/resources/lowering-the-national-voting-age-to-18\nKhan, M. Y., Javeed, A., Khan, M. J., Din, S. U., Khurshid, A., & Noor, U. (2019). Political Participation Through Social Media: Comparison of Pakistani and Malaysian Youth. IEEE Access, 7, 35532-35543. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904553\nKhoo, Y. H. (2014). Mobilization potential and democratization processes of the Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (Bersih) in Malaysia: An interview with Hishamuddin Rais. ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 7(1), 111-120.\nKim, Y., & Chen, H.-T. (2016). Social media and online political participation: The mediating role of exposure to cross-cutting and like-minded perspectives. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 320-330.\nKingdon. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Boston: Little Brown.\nKingdon. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Vol. Second Edition): HarperCollins College Publishers.\nKong, W. Y. (2018, July 4, 2018). Meet the female ministers in Malaysia’s new cabinet. People. Retrieved from https://www.optionstheedge.com/topic/people/meet-female-ministers-malaysia%E2%80%99s-new-cabinet\nKoya, Z. (2020). Dr. M: Restore MA63 so that we are all equal partners. Nation. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/09/16/dr-m-restore-ma63-so-that-we-are-all-equal-partners\nKraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public policy: Politics, analysis, and alternatives: Cq Press.\nKrauss, S. E., Zeldin, S., Abdullah, H., Ortega, A., Ali, Z., Ismail, I. A., & Ariffin, Z. (2020). Malaysian youth associations as places for empowerment and engagement. Children and Youth Services Review, 112(May 2020). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740920300347?via%3Dihub\nKumar, K. (2016, March 27, 2016). 10 things about: Syed Saddiq Abdul Rahman, Asia’s top debater. Home. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/03/27/10-things-about-syed-saddiq-abdul-rahman-asias-top-debater/1087797\nLasswell, H. D. (1956). The decision process: Seven categories of functional analysis: Bureau of Governmental Research, College of Business and Public.\nLasswell, H. D. (1971). A pre-view of policy sciences: Elsevier publishing company.\nLaws of Malaysia. (2012). Universities and University College Act 1971 (Act 30). Retrieved from https://legal.usm.my/v3/phocadownload/act%2030%20-%20universities%20and%20university%20colleges%20act%201971amended%202012.pdf\nLee, Foo, & Tan. (2019). Constitutional change in Malaysia. The Journal of Comparative Law, 14(1), 119-138.\nLee, L., Currie, V., Saied, N., & Wright, L. (2020). Journey to hope, self-expression and community engagement: Youth-led arts-based participatory action research. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104581.\nLeong, T. (2016, August 10, 2016). Muhyiddin registers Mahathir’s new party, Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/muhyiddin-registers-mahathirs-new-party\nLow, J. W., & Syed Abdul Rahman, S. S. (2015). Reviews on Perdana Fellowship Programme. Retrieved from http://www.theinterninsider.com/company/perdana-fellowship-programme/\nLutz, G., & Marsh, M. (2007). Introduction: Consequences of low turnout. Electoral Studies, 26(3), 539-547.\nMahéo, V.-A., & Bélanger, É. (2020). Lowering the Voting Age to 16? A Comparative Study on the Political Competence and Engagement of Underage and Adult Youth. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 53(3), 596-617.\nMajid, M. K., & Rashid, T. M. A. (1995). The courts in Malaysia and their jurisdiction. Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 21(1), 297-314. doi:10.1080/03050718.1995.9986408\nMalay Mail. (2010, September 24, 2010). MyConstitution: Making the Law. Retrieved from https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/myconstitution-making-the-law\nMalay Mail. (2018, March 10, 2018). What you need to know about Pakatan’s GE14 manifesto. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/03/10/what-you-need-to-know-about-pakatans-ge14-manifesto/1594915\nMalaysia Prime Minister Office. (2021). Official Portal. Retrieved from https://www.pmo.gov.my/about-us/contact/\nMalaysia Youth Council. (2015a). Sejarah. Retrieved from http://belia.org.my/wp/sejarah/\nMalaysia Youth Council. (2015b). Siapa Kami. Retrieved from https://belia.org.my/wp/siapa-kami/\nMalaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. (2008). Household Use of the Internet Survey 2008. Retrieved from Selangor: https://www.skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/HUIS08_02.pdf\nMalaysian Students’ Global Alliance. (2017). Malaysia: Lower the Minimum Voting Age from 21 to 18 years old. Petition. Retrieved from https://www.change.org/p/malaysia-lower-the-minimum-voting-age-from-21-to-18-years-old?redirect=false\nMalaysian Students’ Global Alliance. (2021). Who We Are?\nMansor, N., & Ariffin, R. N. R. (2014). Public administration in Malaysia. Routledge handbook of contemporary Malaysia, 103.\nMartin, A. J. (2012). Young people and politics: Political engagement in the Anglo-American democracies (Vol. 51): Routledge.\nMartinez, F., & Morgenbesser, L. (2020). Election turnout in authoritarian regimes. Electoral Studies, 68, 102222.\nMayuri, M. L. (2018, May 5, 2018). Malaysia’s youth have power they won’t use. Asia. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43985834\nMcAllister, I. (1986). Compulsory voting, turnout and party advantage in Australia. Politics, 21(1), 89-93. doi:10.1080/00323268608401982\nMcAllister, I. (2014). The politics of lowering the voting age in Australia: Evaluating the evidence. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(1), 68-83. doi:10.1080/10361146.2013.868402\nMcAllister, I., & Mughan, A. (1986). Differential turnout and party advantage in British general elections, 1964–83. Electoral Studies, 5(2), 143-152.\nMcCool, D. (1995). Public policy theories, models, and concepts: An anthology: Pearson College Division.\nMintrom, M. (1997). Policy entrepreneurs and the diffusion of innovation. American Journal of Political Science, 738-770.\nMitchell, J. (2020, 24 August 2020). Teens Ask Court to Lower Voting Age to 16. Retrieved from https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/424324/teens-ask-court-to-lower-voting-age-to-16\nMohdHed, N. (2017). The Dynamics of Youth Political Participation in Southeast Asia: The Case of Malaysia. (Doctor of Philosophy). University of Sheffield, Retrieved from https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18997/1/PHD%20FINAL%20%28ONLINE%20SUBMISSION%29.pdf (uk.bl.ethos.729514)\nMohdHed, N., & Grasso, M. T. (2019). Age group differences in political activism in Malaysia. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(6), 765-779.\nMondak, J. J. (2000). Reconsidering the measurement of political knowledge. Political Analysis, 57-82.\nMunan, H., Foo, Y. Y., & Spilling, J.-A. (2012). Malaysia (3rd ed. ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.\nMuthiah, W. (2018, March 8, 2018). Pakatan launches GE14 manifesto. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/03/08/pakatan-releases-ge14-manifesto/\nNachmias, D. (1979). Public policy evaluation: approaches and methods: St. Martin`s Press.\nNagel, J. H. (1988). Voter turnout in New Zealand general elections, 1928-1988. Political Science, 40(2), 16-38.\nNational Department of Youth and Sports. (2020). Rakan Muda - About Us. Retrieved from http://www.jbsn.gov.my/rakan-muda.html\nNew Sunday Times. (2008, April 6, 2008). Bar Council: No need to lower voting age. Retrieved from https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/bar-news/news/bar-council-no-need-to-lower-voting-age\nNga, J. L., Liao, L.-M., Hsu, S.-J., & King, V. T. (2015). Internet, Youth and Democracy: Political Participation of Malaysian Youth.\nNicholson-Crotty, S. (2009). The Politics of Diffusion: Public Policy in the American States. The Journal of Politics, 71(1), 192-205. doi:10.1017/s0022381608090129\nNizah, M. A. M., & Sharif, S. M. (2020). Undi 18: Belia dan Politik Konvensional: Undi 18: Youth and Conventional Politics. Sains Insani, 5(1), 180-186.\nNoor, F. (2011, July 14, 2011). After the Bersih 2.0 Rally: Impact and Implications. Commentary. Retrieved from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/1575-after-the-bersih-2-0-rally-im/#.YLWsnJMzZeM\nPacek, A., & Radcliff, B. (1995). Turnout and the Vote for Left-of-Centre Parties: A Cross-National Analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 137-143. Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cup:bjposi:v:25:y:1995:i:01:p:137-143_00\nPaddock, R. (2018, May 9, 2018). Malaysia Opposition, Led by 92-Year-Old, Wins Upset Victory. Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/world/asia/malaysia-election-najib-mahathir.html\nPakatan Harapan. (2018). Buku Harapan Rebuilding Our Nation, Fulfilling Our Hope. Retrieved from Putrajaya: https://kempen.s3.amazonaws.com/manifesto/Manifesto_text/Manifesto_PH_EN.pdf\nPark, A. (1999). Young people and political apathy. In: Sage.\nParliament of Malaysia. (2012, March 25, 2013). Special Select Committee on Electoral Reform. Retrieved from https://www.parlimen.gov.my/jawatankuasapilihankhas.html?&uweb=dr&lang=en&bgcolor=\nParliament of Malaysia. (2019). (Hansard) Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan Rakyat Parlimen Keempat Belas Penggal Kedua Mesyuarat Kedua. Kuala Lumpur\nParliament of Malaysia. (2021). General Information. Retrieved from https://www.parlimen.gov.my/maklumat-umum-sekretariat.html?uweb=web&\nParliamentary Select Committee on Electoral Reform. (2012). Laporan Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Berhubung Dengan Penambahbaikan Proses Pilihan Raya. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad Retrieved from https://www.parlimen.gov.my/images/webuser/jkuasa/DR_%201%20TAHUN%202012a.pdf\nPeters, B. G. (2018). The challenge of policy coordination. Policy Design and Practice, 1(1), 1-11.\nPlutzer, E. (2002). Becoming a habitual voter: Inertia, resources, and growth in young adulthood. American Political Science Review, 41-56.\nPopoola, O. O. (2016). Actors in decision making and policy process. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(1), 47-51.\nPrincen, S. (2009). Agenda-setting in the European Union / Sebastiaan Princen. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England] ;: Palgrave Macmillan.\nRadcliff, B. (1994). Turnout and the Democratic Vote. American Politics Quarterly, 22(No. 3), 259-276.\nRajandran, K. (2013). Metaphors for Malaysia’s Economic Transformation Programme. Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, 31(2).\nRauf, A. A. A., Hamid, N. A., & Ishak, M. S. (2016). Modelling the effect of access to information, political interest and policy satisfaction on youth online political participation in Malaysia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32(2).\nRawat, P., & Morris, J. C. (2016). K ingdon`s “Streams” Model at Thirty: Still Relevant in the 21st Century? Politics & Policy, 44(4), 608-638.\nRistawati, R. (2020). The Constitutional Power Of The Executive in The Age of Rule of Law: A Comparative Study on Malaysia and Indonesia. Sociological Jurisprudence Journal, 3(2), 75-83.\nRobinson, J. A., & Torvik, R. (2009). The Real Swing Voter`s Curse. American Economic Review, 99(2), 310-315. doi:10.1257/aer.99.2.310\nRoslan, A.-H. (2001). Income inequality, poverty and development policy in Malaysia. Paper presented at the Internafional seminar on poverty and sustainable sevelopment, Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV and UNESCO, Paris, November.\nRuban, A. (2017, April 25, 2017). Group bids to drop voting age to 18. Home. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/04/25/group-bids-to-drop-voting-age-to-18/1363671\nSaadatian, O., Haw, L. C., Mat, S. B., & Sopian, K. (2012). Perspective of sustainable development in Malaysia. International Journal of Energy and Environment, 6(2), 260-267.\nSabatier. (2007). Theories of the policy process / edited by Paul Sabatier (2nd ed. ed.). Boulder, Colo: Westview.\nSabatier, P. A. (1986). Top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation research: a critical analysis and suggested synthesis. Journal of public policy, 21-48.\nSalleh, A., Puyok, A., & Bagang, T. P. (2019). Constitutional Asymmetry in Malaysia: A Case Study of Sabah and Sarawak. A Country Study of Constitutional Asymmetry in Malaysia. In Constitutional Asymmetry in Multinational Federalism (pp. 315-340): Springer.\nSamonte, S. (2019, April 27, 2019). Filipinos used to vote every 2 years from 1946 to 1971. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1068358\nSAYS/NSTP. (2018, June 14, 2018). Syed Saddiq turns down second offer from Oxford University. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/06/379837/syed-saddiq-turns-down-second-offer-oxford-university\nScharpf, F. W. (1999). Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic? : Oxford University Press.\nSchwab, K. (2019). Insight Report: The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. Retrieved from\nSeider, S. C., Gillmor, S., & Rabinowicz, S. (2012). The impact of community service learning upon the expected political voice of participating college students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(1), 44-77.\nSercombe, H. (2014). Risk, adaptation and the functional teenage brain. Brain and Cognition, 89, 61-69. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.001\nShahimi, W. R., Chin, K. Y., Hanafi, A. H. A., & Husin, M. (2020). Voting at 18: Are Malaysian Young Voters Ready to Vote? International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Society(2), 96-105%V 102. Retrieved from http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijares/article/view/9658\nShapiro, I. (2009). The state of democratic theory: Princeton University Press.\nShiratuddin, N., & Zaibon, S. B. (2009). Local content game: the preferred choice for mobile learning space.\nShuaib, F., Kamal, M., Bustami, T., Othman, N., & Sulaiman, M. (2017). Towards an apex Sharia court in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 25, 309-322.\nSilbaugh, K. (2019). Developmental Justice and the Voting Age. Fordham Urb. LJ, 47, 253.\nSimon, H., & March, J. (1958). Organizations.\nSingapore Statutes Online. (2021). Parliamentary Elections Act Revised Edition 2011. Retrieved from https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PEA1954#pr10-\nSivanandam, H., Carvalho, M., Rahim, R., & Tan, T. (2019, July 4, 2019). Bill to lower voting age tabled for first reading. The Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/04/bill-to-lower-voting-age-tabled-for-first-reading/\nSoe, Y. (2018). Understanding politics more thoroughly: How highly engaged young citizens use the Internet for civic knowledge integration. First Monday.\nSolt, F. (2008). Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement. American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 48-60. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/stable/25193796\nSoo, W. J. (2018, March 9, 2018). PH manisfesto to focuse on 10 promises in 100 days. Retrieved from https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/03/09/ph-launches-manifesto-10-promises-in-100-days/\nStaff, A. N. (2021, 4 March 2021). Congress Votes Down Proposal to Lower Voting Age to 16. Retrieved from https://www.abc12.com/2021/03/03/congress-votes-down-proposal-to-lower-voting-age-to-16/\nStiers, D., Hooghe, M., & Goubin, S. (2020). Are 16-year-olds able to cast a congruent vote? Evidence from a “voting at 16” initiative in the city of Ghent (Belgium). Electoral Studies, 63, 102107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102107\nStone, D. A. (1989). Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas. Political Science Quarterly, 104(2), 281-300. doi:10.2307/2151585\nSukumaran, T. (2019). Pakatan Harapan bickering a sign of Malaysia’s new democracy: Asia’s youngest minister, Syed Saddiq. This Week in Asia / Politics. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2183531/pakatan-harapan-bickering-sign-malaysias-new-democracy-asias\nSuruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia. (2021, 27 April 2021). Keputusan Pilihan Raya. Retrieved from https://www.spr.gov.my/ms/keputusan-pilihan-raya\nTan, T. (2020). Dr M, Mukhriz, Syed Saddiq and two others axed from Bersatu. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/05/28/dr-m-mukhriz-syed-saddiq-and-two-others-sacked-from-bersatu\nTay, W. T. V. (2019). Basic Structure Revisited: The Case of Semenyih Jaya and the Defence of Fundamental Constitutional Principles in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 14(1), 113-145.\nTEDx Talks (2021). Youth political involvement, Qyira Yusri. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqkQQShPcfU\nTeixeira, R. A. (1987). Why Americans don`t vote: Turnout decline in the United States, 1960-1984: Greenwood Publishing Group.\nTerriquez, V., & Kwon, H. (2015). Intergenerational Family Relations, Civic Organisations, and the Political Socialisation of Second-Generation Immigrant Youth. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(3), 425-447. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2014.921567\nTham. (2007, July 17, 2007). Majoir changes to the Constitution. Retrieved from https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/major-changes-to-the-constitution\nTham. (2019, 2019, July 17). How the #Undi18 bill went from a “crazy idea” to being passed in parliament. Retrieved from https://says.com/my/news/here-s-how-the-undi-18-bill-went-from-a-crazy-idea-to-being-passed-in-parliament\nThe Commissioner of Law Revision Malaysia. (2010). Federal Constitution.\nThe Electoral Knowledge Network. (2003). Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Constitution Retrieved from https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Constitution/view\nThe Electoral Knowledge Network. (2012). Indonesia Law 8/2012 on General Election of the Members of House of Representatives, People’s Representative Council and Regional House of Representatives. Retrieved from https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-law-8-2012-on-general-election-of-the/view\nThe Electoral Knowledge Network. (2021). Legal Voting Age in National Elections. Retrieved from https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question=VR001\nThe High Court in Sabah & Sarawak. (2021, 2019). History. Retrieved from https://judiciary.kehakiman.gov.my/portals/\nThe Keepers of the Rulers Malaysia. (2021). Senarai Susun Kekananan Majlis Raja-Raja. Retrieved from http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/maklumat-perkhidmatan/senarai-susunan-kekananan#section=p1\nThe Straits Times. (2018, September 18, 2018). Malaysia Cabinet decides to lower voting age from 21 to 18. Southeast Asia. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-cabinet-decides-to-lower-voting-age-from-21-to-18\nThe World Bank Group. (2019). GDP growth (annual %) - Malaysia. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=MY&start=1961&view=chart\nTilley, J. (2019, 7 January 2019). Should the UK be Raising Rather Than Lowering the Voting Age? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46737013\nTing, S.-H., & WAhmad, S. S. (2021). Everyday interactions and political participation of Malaysian youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 1-20. doi:10.1080/13676261.2021.1923672\nTorney-Purta, J., & Amadeo, J.-A. (2003). A cross-national analysis of political and civic involvement among adolescents. PS: Political Science and Politics, 36(2), 269-274.\nUK Parliament. (1969). 1969 Representation of the People Act. From the Parliamentary Collection. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/1969-rotp-act/1969-rotp-collections-/1969-sixth-reform-act-/\nUndi18. (2021). From a Student Movement to a Constitutional Amendment. Our Story. Retrieved from https://undi18.org/about-us\nundi18my (2017). #undipertamaku. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BYW3YxxjVD2/\nUndi 18. (2021a). Undi18MY. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/undi18my/\nUndi 18. (2021b). Undi 18: Pemerkasaan Demokrasi Bermula Dengan Orang Muda. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/MyUndi18/\nUnited Nations. (1995). Report of the World Summit for Social Development. Retrieved from Copenhagen: https://undocs.org/A/CONF.166/9\nUnited Nations Programme on Youth. (2004). Youth and the Milllenium Development Goals: Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group for Youth and the MDGs. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/social/papers/YouthandMDGs.pdf\nValenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2011). Social Networks that Matter: Exploring the Role of Political Discussion for Online Political Participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 163-184. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr037\nvan Deth, J. W., Abendschön, S., & Vollmar, M. (2011). Children and politics: An empirical reassessment of early political socialization. Political Psychology, 32(1), 147-174.\nVoon, Z. (2015, August 24, 2015). Who are our youth politicians? The Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/08/24/who-are-our-youth-politicians-in-most-mature-democracies-political-careers-begin-at-university-denyi/\nWagner, M., Johann, D., & Kritzinger, S. (2012). Voting at 16: Turnout and the quality of vote choice. Electoral Studies, 31(2), 372-383.\nWaikar, P. (2020). Generational divide: how Pakatan Harapan swung the youth vote in GE14. The Round Table, 109(2), 155-172. doi:10.1080/00358533.2020.1741883\nWarren, A. M., Sulaiman, A., & Jaafar, N. I. (2014). Social media effects on fostering online civic engagement and building citizen trust and trust in institutions. Government Information Quarterly, 31(2), 291-301.\nWattenberg, M. P. (2020). Is Voting for Young People? : Routledge.\nWeinschenk, A. C., & Dawes, C. T. (2017). The Relationship between Genes, Personality Traits, and Political Interest. Political Research Quarterly, 70(3), 467-479. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26384917\nWelsh, B. (2018). “Saviour” Politics and Malaysia`s 2018 Electoral Democratic Breakthrough: Rethinking Explanatory Narratives and Implications. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 37(3), 85-108. doi:10.1177/186810341803700305\nWisdom Foundation Malaysia. (2021). Undi18 Adakah Pemuda Masih Diabaikan Pada PRU15. www.facebook.com.\nWong, J., & Tseng, V. (2008). Political socialisation in immigrant families: Challenging top-down parental socialisation models. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(1), 151-168.\nWoodhouse, E. J., & Lindblom, C. E. (1993). The policy-making process: Prentice-Hall.\nWorld Inequality Database. (2019). Malaysia. Retrieved from https://wid.world/country/malaysia/\nYouth Policy Labs. (2016). Age Matters! Age Related Barriers to Service Access and the Realisation of Rights for Children, Adolescents, and Youth. Retrieved from\nYunus, A., & Landau, E. (2019, July 3, 2019). ‘Youth’ now defined as those between 15 and 30 Nation. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/501288/youth-now-defined-those-between-15-and-30\nYusof, A. (2020). Former Malaysian PM Mahathir and 4 other MPs sacked from Bersatu. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-bersatu-sacked-muhyiddin-12720662\nZagórski, P. (2021). Too much to choose from? The long-term effects of political fragmentation on electoral turnout. Politics.\nZainuddin, A., & Kaur, D. (2019, July 4, 2019). Dewan Rakyat passes bill to limit youth age to 30. News. Retrieved from https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/07/04/dewan-rakyat-passes-bill-to-limit-youth-age-to-30/\nZeglovits, E., & Zandonella, M. (2013). Political interest of adolescents before and after lowering the voting age: the case of Austria. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(8), 1084-1104.
描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
108266006
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108266006
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
600601.pdf5.78 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check

Altmetric

Altmetric


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.