人壽保險契約撤銷權之探討——兼評保險法修正草案第55條之1

Abstract

在保險契約關係中，由於多數要保人欠缺保險專業知識，保險人佔據資訊優勢地位，契約雙方在締約時呈現地位不平等狀況。不論是保險法上賦予要保人之權利，或是透過行政機關之監理制度，目的均在縮短資訊落差，衡平契約當事人間權益。而契約撤銷權即屬其中重要的一環，藉由賦予要保人撤銷權之方式，使要保人即便在保險契約生效以後，仍得於一定期間內單方片面、不附理由地，撤銷原本締約之意思表示，進而解消保險契約關係。\n然而，此等直接影響保險契約效力之權利，並未見於保險法規範之中，而是仰賴個別保險契約條款約定，且保險契約撤銷權條款之制定原因，實質上係為符合人壽保險單示範條款之要求，恐有違反法律保留原則之虞。此外，學說上針對契約撤銷權之討論並不多見，針對契約撤銷權之保護法益、構成要件、行使效果未臻明確，在實務運作上均可能產生疑義，實有分析檢討之必要。\n再者，保險契約撤銷權亦會與其他相關法律規定出現重疊之情況，例如：消費者保護法第11條之1審閱期、同法第19條猶豫期、金融消費者保護法第10條說明義務，均同樣帶有保障消費者資訊權色彩，在網路投保逐漸興盛之情況下，要保人透過線上投保方式訂立保險契約，同時若符合上述四種規範之射程，此時四種規範間該如何適用，彼此關係為競合或併存，皆有釐清之必要。\n又保險契約撤銷權之發展歷程，係導源於外國法，故本文除探討上述條文之關係外，亦蒐集美國法與德國法之相關資料，進行比較法研究，歸納整理出保險契約撤銷權合理之解釋脈絡與立法規範。最後因應2018年12月金管會公佈之保險法修正草案第55條之1，將原於人壽保險單示範條款之契約撤銷權名文化，針對草案條文，本文亦ㄧ併提出具體之立法修正建議，以期盼未來保險法中契約撤銷權規定能更加完整。

Due to the lack of professional insurance knowledge, the policyholder stands in a disadvantaged position to make a contract with the insurer. In order to reduce the information gap, the Insurance Law, the Consumer Protection Act, the Financial Consumer Protection Act ,and the Insurance supervision contain many regulations to make a balance between the policyholder and the insurer. The Free Look Period is one of the ways to protecting the consumer’s right of information. By performing the Free Look Period in life insurance, the policyholder can terminate the insurance contract with no reason by returning the policy within 10 days after receiving the policy. After that, the policyholder will get a refund the whole premiums without paying any policy fees or other charges.\nCompared with other countries, such as U.S.A., Germany, there are clear and complete articles about the Free Look Period not only in the provisions but also in the Insurance Law. However, in Taiwan, we cannot find any articles mentioning the Free Look Period in the Insurance Law. In fact, the Free Look Period in Taiwan exists only in the Life Insurance Standard Provision instead of in Insurance Law. This study discusses the reason of the Free Look Period not being formulated in Taiwan Insurance law, and the suitability for only regulating in the Life Insurance Standard Provision.\nFurthermore, in Taiwan there are some rights similar with the Free Look Period. This study also introduces all of them, and discusses the relationship between them. In the end, this study tries to make legislative suggestions on the Free Look Period based on the Article 55-1 of the Draft of Insurance Law.