宋代經筵講《詩》研究

Abstract

本文選擇以具有帝王教育性質的「經筵」作為觀察視角，探析以「與三代同風」為政治理想的經筵官，藉由記載宗周禮樂文明的《詩經》，要為帝王闡釋什麼樣的《詩》教義理？講筵內容與當時的政治環境有否關連？\n此論題牽涉到「經筵制度」與「講《詩》內容」等面向，分為六章展開論述：第一章為研究動機，釐清本論題之研究意義與目的；第二章為宋代經筵制度，分從宋代經筵制度產生的時代背景、宋代經筵講讀制度，以及宋代經筵講《詩》與《詩經》學發展之關聯來探討；第三章從《詩經》君位天命的觀點，探究經筵官對於帝位成之的想法，以及帝王在面對君位天命時，所應有之作為；第四章觀察經筵官透過《詩》教，對於帝王正心修身的要求，分別從心、性與情論，修己的工夫，以及帝王所應具有的外在威儀來探究；第五章探析經筵官對於帝王達治天下的期許，從以道齊家、求賢任能、惠恤黎民、抗敵復國等層面，觀察經筵官認為帝王踐履外王之道的具體方式；第六章結論，歸納各章研究的結果，並提出本論文拘限之處，以及未來可再開展之課題。\n在經筵講《詩》篇目方面，以《國風》篇章最受經筵官重視；在講《詩》主旨上，不論南北宋時期，經筵官對於《詩》旨的掌握，都是從《詩序》切入，顯見《詩序》在宋代《詩經》學的多元發展下，仍有一定影響力；在講《詩》內容方面，仁宗慶曆時期，經筵官多強調「監戒治道」的《詩》教諷諫功能。理學興起後，經筵官將人與天命的對應關係，內修其德的心性修養，平治天下的願景等內涵，融攝於講《詩》之中，其目的在於緝熙帝王修齊治平的施為舉措，努力將儒者的理想透過經學、政治付諸實踐。透過宋代經筵講《詩》可見，宋代儒者一方面在與君王共治天下，一方面也共同於推動學術發展的脈絡。

This thesis approaches the nature of imperial education from the perspective of classical symposia of the Song Dynasty and explores how the scholar-officials in these symposia extract political ideals from the poetry of the Shi Jing. This topic involves connecting selected poetic works with the classical symposia system and is divided into six chapters. The first chapter discusses the research motivation. The second chapter introduces the historical development of the Song Dynasty classical symposia system, while the third chapter explains the influence of the poetry of the Shi Jing on imperial education. The fourth chapter examines the qualities required of the emperor in order to engage in his righteous self-cultivation from the teachings found in the selected poetic works, including rectification of the mind, character, emotions, and finally, his external appearance of authority. The fifth chapter outlines how the scholar-officials in the classical symposia expect the emperor to manage his worldly affairs, such as regulating the family, appointing officials according to their merits, governing to the benefit of the people as well as resisting the enemy and restoring the country. This chapter further describes the specific reasons that scholar-officials give for believing that the emperor is practicing outer kingliness in concrete ways. The sixth chapter concludes with a summary of the results of previous chapters, proposes limitations of this research, and suggests topics for future investigation.\nScholar-officials in the classical symposia consider “Airs of the States” to be the most important of the three major parts of the Shi Jing. Regarding the main theme of each chapter and irrespective of the different eras of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, their ability to internalize the themes of the poetry stems predominantly from the introduction given in The Preface to the Shi Jing, thus showing that this actually exerts a considerable degree of influence on the multifaceted development of the Shi Jing during the entire Song Dynasty. In terms of the content of the poetry, during the Qingli Period of Emperor Renzong of Song, scholar-officials often emphasize the satirical and remonstrative elements of the poetry, which are also called, “Lessons for Governance.” As a result of the rise of Confucianism, the corresponding relationship between man and destiny, inner cultivation of his morality, visionary foresight for managing worldly affairs, and other such ideals are integrated into the poetry by scholar-officials. The purpose of this is to push the emperor towards taking measures to put the ideals of Confucian scholarship into practice through the study of classics and politics. Therefore, it can be seen from the Song Dynasty classical symposia on the poetry of the Shi Jing that, on the one hand, Confucians in the Song Dynasty manage worldly affairs together with the emperor, while on the other hand, they also work together to promote academic development.