國際能源訴訟之管轄權、規範衝突與投資人權益保障：以Yukos案為例

Abstract

國際投資法旨在促進和保護外國投資人與投資事項，主要由國際法原則與地主國的法律所構成，使國際法與國內法間得以相互適用，但卻也模糊了傳統的國際公法與國際私法的區分。本文以Yukos案為例，描述現今國際投資條約中的管轄權適用爭議，以及涉及爭端解決程序時，能源憲章條約的暫時適用條款對管轄權歸屬造成的影響。\n本文首先從海牙常設仲裁法院與歐洲人權法院之判決分析本案始末，並透過國際投資法與國際人權法規範適用比較，觀察國際法體系多元性。從投資者角度來說，能源投資涉及長期風險；對地主國來說，在吸引外資的同時應如何行使國家監管權力。透過Yukos案，可觀察不同國際裁判機構如何在此二者間取得平衡，Yukos案亦因此成為國際投資法之重要案例。\n透過Yukos案可發現經濟發展並不必然壓迫社會權利，而如何取得經濟與人權間的平衡，亦是國際法近年討論熱點。例如聯合國商業與人權指導規則與海牙商業與人權仲裁規則，皆在國際投資法概念中規劃了國際人權法之適用，指出在發展經濟的同時，應實踐人權保護，使經濟與社會權利間維持永續之關係。\n國際投資法之發展展現了社會權利與經濟權利間之互動。在Yukos案後，冀望國際間之經濟發展不只關注投資之獲益，而係將經濟發展立基於人權與社會權利之保障，展現經濟與人權間的合作與相互影響。

International investment law is designed to promote and protect the activities of private foreign investors, and the distinction between international law and domestic law becoming blurred by the modern regime of foreign investment law. The purpose of this article is to consider the case of Yukos, in which emphasizes the conflict and appliance of international jurisdictions was presented and resulted in multiple international dispute settlement proceedings.\nWithin the past decade, investors of Yukos launched proceedings before the Permanent Court of Arbitration by Energy Charter Treaty, and argued that Russia had violated its obligation under European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom. In the parallel international adjudication of Yukos, it turns out that the investment treaty tribunals and the human rights courts are the complementary relationship, offering diverse perspectives of international legal pluralism, also in aiming to balance human rights protection against investor interests and host state sovereignty.\nAlthough the development of economic often repressed social rights, the international investment law evolving has led to concerns not just the economic efficiency but also the rights for society. The investment treaty clauses achieve the balance after the case of Yukos, such as the United Nations Guidelines for Business and Human Rights, and The Hague Commercial and Human Rights Arbitration Rules.\nRecently, the concept of sustainable concept for implementing economic and human rights in international investment law has been developed. And after the Yukos case, contemporary international law concerning not just the efficiency of development but more human rights perspective. Development of economic should not sacrifice the minority rights, in contrast, it should embedded in the equal concern in social benefits and economic efficiency.