從北美自由貿易協定到美國‒墨西哥‒加拿大協議：川普「美國第一」觀念的發揚

Abstract

北美地區貿易制度因川普的上任而引發劇烈的變動，啟動NAFTA走上現代化一途，並奠定在NAFTA舊結構的基礎上發展出嶄新的USMCA結構。本文試圖藉由重視實踐活動的建構主義，來觀察美國內部觀念連動國家政策的改變以及北美三國互構之過程，並借用Susan K. Sell教授研究智慧財產權全球化的框架，分別訂定出北美貿易的結構、制度與能動者（行為者），並輔以建構主義的理論內容，描述北美區域間的貿易狀態的變化以及了解造成其改變之動力。\n本文將產生新循環的過程分為國家與其內部因素探討，以及三國國家間交往、辯論、合作兩個層次，以增進對個別國家內部意識形態、物質條件、政策背景等因素的了解，並進一步觀察涵蓋以上內部因素的個別能動者彼此的交流與互動，以了解行為者間實踐形成的新文化或規範。如前所述，川普的就任是開啟北美貿易結構與制度改革的濫觴，因此本文著重於美國內部對北美貿易新觀念的討論，並以美國為出發點，來觀察川普「美國第一」觀念在國內與國際間的發展與成效。\n研究發現，從北美自由貿易協定到美墨加協定的過程中，國家利益中經濟福祉的內涵並非物質上的實質收益，還有國家在歷史發展中附帶的認同來決定；此外，由國家利益發展而成之國家政策是一個不斷變動的循環，當社會結構改變或行為者觀念轉變時，進而影響一國國家政策的修正與重塑。

The trade institutions in North America experiences a drastic change due to Trump’s administration, modernize NAFTA and the development of USMCA structure, which is based on the original NAFTA as cornerstone. Through constructivism, this article attempts to observe the change of United States’ national policies which is driven by its internal idea, and the development among the three North American countries. With Prof. Susan K. Sell’s research framework on the globalization of intellectual property rights, the author defines the structure, institutions, and agents in North American Trade; integrating with the constructivism theories, this article aims to describe the trading dynamic among north American region and its effecting motions.\nThis article separates the process of the new cycle into two levels: study on state and its own internal factors and interaction, debate, and cooperation among three countries, to understand more about individual state’s ideology, material conditions, and policy background; furthermore, to realize how actors practiced the new culture or rules by observing the way the three respective states communicate.\nAs mentioned above, Trump’s appointment was the beginning of the reform of North American trade structure and institutions. Therefore, this article focuses on the discussion of the new concept of North American trade within the United States, and uses the United States as a starting point to observe the development and effects of Trump`s "America First" concept domestically and internationally.\nAccording to studies, economic surplus in national interests provided through the development from NAFTA to USMCA are not materialistic, along with the nation’s self-recognition in history development. Besides, national policies developed from national interest is a dynamic cycle. The change of social structure or any behavioral concepts affects the revision and reshaping a country’s national policy.