Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137320
題名: 中國海外基礎建設項目的在地回應—以緬甸皎漂地區人民的抵抗為例
Local Response to China`s Overseas Infrastructure Projects — A Case Study of Local Resistance in Kyaukpyu, Myanmar
作者: 林雅淇
Lin, Ya-Chi
貢獻者: 楊昊<br>張文揚
林雅淇
Lin, Ya-Chi
關鍵詞: 中國海外基礎建設
地方抵抗
緬甸
皎漂
China`s overseas infrastructure
Local resistance
Myanmar
Kyaukpyu
日期: 2021
上傳時間: 1-十月-2021
摘要: 中國近幾年來經濟快速成長,累積了龐大的資本,從過去的受援國角色轉變成為對外援助國。2013年中國甚至提出了具有雄心的「一帶一路」倡議,吸引許多發展中國家紛紛響應,並設立亞投行,提供這些國家基礎建設發展所需的資金。中國大力對外輸出海外發展建設項目,向東南亞及非洲等地區以融資貸款的方式,提供大型交通和能源基礎設施建設項目,並在各地投資開發經濟特區。然而看起來如此美好的構想卻在許多國家內部出現當地居民抵抗中國基礎建設的聲浪,儘管中國企業總是對外宣稱當地居民受惠於中國的基礎建設項目,然而事實卻是企業並未善盡企業社會責任,在當地造成環境及人文社會的破壞。\n\n本論文以皎漂作為個案研究,探討中國的基礎建設項目為當地帶來的影響、當地居民抵抗的主要原因,以及抵抗的行動及成效為何。本論文研究方法將採取「文獻分析法」、「參與觀察法」及「深度訪談法」,透過過去的文獻結合筆者的實地考察,了解當地真實的樣貌。本論文研究成果有以下:第一,緬甸國內對中國基礎建設的排斥源自於歷史上長期對中國的不信任感以及環境及社會的破壞;第二,皎漂地區人民抵抗中國建設的主要原因在於工作及土地的剝奪,以及在發展建設過程中所感受到的水平不平等現象;第三,受害居民具結成一股抵抗勢力,透過自救會串聯彼此,利用團體的力量達到監督效果;第四,中國企業的後續作為無法觸及受影響居民的需求。
With the rapid economic growth in recent years, China has accumulated huge capital and changed its role from aid recipient to aid lender. In 2013, China proposed the ambitious “Belt and Road” initiative, which appealed many developing countries, and set up Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to provide funds for infrastructure development in these countries. China has made great efforts on exporting overseas development and construction projects to Southeast Asia and Africa through financial loans. However, there are voices of resistance from local residents to China`s infrastructure construction in many countries. Although Chinese state-owned enterprises always claim that local residents benefit a lot from China`s infrastructure projects, the fact is that they do not fulfill their corporate social responsibility and cause environmental and social problems.\n\nThis thesis takes Kyaukpyu as a case study to explore the impact on Myanmar’s locality, the main reasons for resistance, and the actions and effectiveness of resistance. This research adopts the methods of field work and semi-structured interview, combined with the past literatures to understand the interactions between related stakeholders. The research outcomes are as follows: First, the resistance of China`s infrastructure constructions in Myanmar stems from the historical distrust of China, and caused environmental and social damages; Secondly, the main reason for the Kyaukpyu local resistance to Chinese construction is the deprivation of jobs and lands, and the sense of inequality in the process of development. Third, the affected residents form a resistance alliance, connecting with each other through self-help association, using gathering power to achieve supervision effect; Fourth, the follow-up improvements of Chinese state-owned enterprise fail to cater to the needs of affected residents.
參考文獻: 壹、中文部分\n一、專書\n王雲東,2016,《社會研究方法:量化與質性取向及其應用》。台北:揚智出版社\n林義夫、王燕,2016。《超越發展援助:在一個多極世界中重構發展合作新理念》。北京大學出版社\n\n二、專書譯作\nTom Miller著,林添貴譯,2017,《中國的亞洲夢:一帶一路全面解讀,對台灣、全球將帶來什麼威脅和挑戰》。台北:時報文化。\n\n三、期刊論文\n王崑義,2016,〈中國的國際戰略與一帶一路的形成〉,《台灣國際研究季刊》,第12卷第3期,頁23-50\n吳書嫺,2018,〈中國「一帶一路」倡議的在地影響:以越南永新電力中心計畫為例〉,《問題與研究》,57卷4期,頁93-111\n游美惠,2000,〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉,《調查研究》,第8期,頁5-42\n黃健群,2018,〈「一帶一路」與中國大陸區域經濟發展:策略與挑戰〉,《展望與探索》,第16卷第5期,頁94-110\n萬文龍,2004,<深度訪談在質性研究中的應用>,《生活科技教育月刊》,第37卷第4期,頁17-23\n\n四、研究計畫\n楊昊,2020,《東南亞對中國的抵抗政治:面對外力介入的回應類型分析(計畫編號:MOST107-2410-H004-141-MY3》。台北:科技部。\n\n五、網際網路\n《BBC中文網》,2017,〈聯合國指羅興亞人道危機達「災難」程度〉,<https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-41263813>。\n《人民網》,2020,〈《中緬油氣管道項目企業社會責任專題報告》發佈會在緬甸仰光舉行〉,<http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0114/c1002-31547770.html>。\n《中國能源報》,2010,〈開發東南亞水電 助力「西電東送」〉,<https://www.sdic.com.cn/cn/zxzx/hyzx/webinfo/2010/04/1272506104625497.htm >。\n《新華網》,2020,〈王毅會見緬甸國防軍總司令敏昂萊〉,<http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2021-01/12/c_1126974989.htm >\n《路透社》,2009,〈中石油集團獲得中緬原油管道的所有權和獨家經營權〉,< https://www.reuters.com/article/idCNnCN080112320091221>。\n中國石油天然氣集團公司,2017,〈中緬油氣管道(緬甸)企業社會責任專題報告〉,<https://www.cnpc.com.cn/cnpc/gbbg/201705/f9a5ee31e6d04ccca16bd697b8f3ee24/files/324e98b52a83401d82740580b10a6d45.pdf>.\n中華人民共和國中央政府,2018,〈王毅:一帶一路不是馬歇爾計畫,而是共建人類命運共同體的生動實踐〉,《新華社》, <http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2018-08/23/content_5316039.htm>。\n中華人民共和國駐緬甸聯邦共和國大使館,2013,〈中緬天然氣管道幹線建成投產〉,<https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cemm/chn/sgxw/2013news/t1091305.htm>。\n木風,2012,〈緬甸民主歷程(4):8888起義〉,《美國之音中文網》,<https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165813/https://www.voachinese.com/a/article-20120322-burma-democracy-series-iv-143852536/948696.html>。\n王偉群,2021,〈中信:皎漂的堅守〉,《經濟導刊》,<https://www.jingjidaokan.com/icms/null/null/ns:LHQ6LGY6LGM6MmM5Y2Q1ODY3NzE1NDRiZjAxNzgwMDU3NGY3MjAwMzMscDosYTosbTo=/show.vsml >。\n王維洛,2012,〈緬甸擱置密松大壩建設是對中國區域發展理念的重大打擊〉,《民主中國》,<https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%A0%81/20120107-%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E6%93%B1%E7%BD%AE%E5%AF%86%E6%9D%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%A9%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E6%98%AF%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A>。\n安蓓、張藝,2019,〈中石油簽署中緬原油管道權利義務協定〉,《新華網》,<https://www.china5e.com/news/news-63748-1.html>。\n車宏亮、張東強,2020,〈專訪:讓中緬傳統“胞波”情誼煥發新光彩——訪中國駐緬甸大使陳海〉,《新華社》,<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.xinhuanet.com/2020-01/13/c_1125456942.htm>。\n常振明,2020,〈皎漂港項目揚帆啟航:助力中緬經濟走廊和中緬命運共同體建設〉,《經濟導刊》,<https://www.jingjidaokan.com/icms/null/null/ns:LHQ6LGY6LGM6MmM5Y2QyODQ3MzQ4MTAzMDAxNzM1MTcyZDNkZTAzMjcscDosYTosbTo=/show.vsml >。\n張凡,2019,〈人民日報評論員觀察:一帶一路繪就民心相通美好畫卷〉,《人民網》,<http://opinion.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2019/0425/c1003-31048404.html>。\n梁東屏,2017,緬甸「一帶一路」玄機 暗藏印度洋中國戰略,亞洲週刊第31卷33期,<http://www.yzzk.com/cfm/content_archive.cfm?id=1502353366554&docissue=2017-33>。\n莊北寧,2019,〈緬甸紀念周恩來總理訪問蒲甘58周年〉,《新華網》,<http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-01/09/c_1123967823.htm>。\n楊明,2014,〈中國在緬甸投資在受挫〉,《美國之音》,<https://www.voachinese.com/a/chinese-railway-project-20140725/1964931.html>。\n蔣亦凡,2019,〈仰光新城:被畫上問號的藍圖〉,《中外對話》,<https://chinadialogue.net/zh/2/44305/ >。\n魏天一,2020,〈中緬皎漂港合作項目:債務陷阱還是發展機遇?〉,《海南圖智研究院》,<https://www.essra.org.cn/view-1000-1055.aspx>。\n\n貳、英文部分\n一、專書\nEsman, Milton J., 1997. Can Foreign Aid Moderate Ethnic Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, Peaceworks No. 13)\nJakupec, Viktor, 2017. Development Aid—Populism and the End of the Neoliberal Agenda. Berlin, German: Springer\nMyoe, Maung Aung, 2011. In The Name Of Pauk-Phaw: Myanmar`s China Policy Since 1948. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.\nScott, James, C., 1985. Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance, New Haven: Yale University Press,\nScott, James, C., 1999. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.\nSternagel, Felix, 2018. On the Road to Kyaukphyu: Issues and Debates around a Myanmar Special Economic Zone. Yangon: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Myanmar.\nThame, Charlie, 2017. SEZs and Value Extraction from the Mekong: A Case Study on the Control and Exploitation of Land and Labour in Cambodia and Myanmar’s Special Economic Zones, Bangkok: Focus on the Global South.\n\n二、專書論文\nKudo, Toshihiro, 2008. “Myanmar’s Economic Relations with China: Who Benefits and Who Pays?” in Monique Skidmore & Trevor Wilson, Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar. Canberra: The Australian National University Press.\nSeekins, Donald M., 2020. “The Rakhine (Arakan) Buddhists: A Little Known Minority in Myanmar,” in Rights and Security in India, Myanmar, and Thailand. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.\nSteinberg, David I. & Fan, Hongwei, 2012. “the Anti-Chinese Riots of 1967: the Rupture of the Pauk phaw” in Modern China Myanmar Relation: Dilemma of Mutual Dependence. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.\nZerrouk, Emel, 2015. “Development-forced Land Grabs and Resistance in Reforming Myanmar: The Letpadaung Copper Mine,” in Global implications of Development, Disasters and Climate Change. London: Routledge.\n\n三、期刊論文\nAppendix, 2012. “Chronology of the Myitsone Dam at the Confluence of Rivers above Myitkyina and Map of Kachin State dams,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.31, No.1. pp.141-153.\nBräutigam, Deborah., 2011/6. “Chinese Development Aid in Africa: What, Where, Why, and How Much?” SSRN Electronic Journal.\nChan, Debby Sze Wan & Pun, Ngai, 2020/8. “Renegotiating belt and road cooperation: social resistance in a Sino–Myanmar copper mine,” Third World Quarterly, Vol.41, No.12. pp.2109-2129.\nChan, Debby Sze Wan, 2017/2. “Asymmetric bargaining between Myanmar and China in the Myitsone Dam controversy: social opposition akin to David`s stone against Goliath,” The Pacific Review, Vol.30, No.5, pp.674-691.\nCramb, Rob & Manivong, Vongpaphane &Newby, Jonathan C.& Kem, Sothorn & Sibat, Patrick S., 2017. “Alternatives to and grabbing: exploring conditions for smallholder inclusion in agricultural commodity chains in Southeast Asia,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 44, No.4, pp. 939-967.\nDreher, Axel & Fuchs, Andreas, 2015. “Rogue Aid? An Empirical Analysis of China`s Aid Allocation.” Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 988-1023.\nDreher,Axel & Fuchs, Andreas & Hodler, Roland & Parks, Bradley C. & Raschky, Paul A. & Tierney, Michael J., 2019/9. “African Leaders and the Geography of China`s Foreign Assistance,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 140, pp. 44-71.\nEmel, Zerrouk & Andreas, Neef, 2014. “The Media Discourse of Land Grabbing and Resistance During Myanmar’s Legal Reformation: The Monywa Copper Mine,” The Law and Development Review, vol. 7, no.2. pp. 1-38.\nForana, Tira & Kiik, Laur & Hattc, Sullivan & Fullbrookd, David & Dawkinse, Alice & Walkere, Simon & Chena, Yun, 2017. “Large hydropower and legitimacy: A policy regime analysis, applied to Myanmar,” Energy Policy, Vol.110. pp. 619-630.\nHolslag, Jonathan, 2011/5. “China and the Coups: Coping with Political Instability in Africa,” African Affairs, Vol. 110, No. 440, pp. 367–386.\nKiik, Laur, 2016. “Nationalism and anti-ethno-politics: why ‘Chinese Development’ failed at Myanmar’s Myitsone Dam,&quot; Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol.57, No.3. pp. 374-402.\nKirchherr, Julian & Charles, Katrina J. & Walton, Matthew J., 2017. “The interplay of activists and dam developers: the case of Myanmar’s mega-dams,” International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol.33, No.1. pp. 111-131.\nLi, Chenyang & Song, Shaojun, 2018. “China’s OBOR Initiative and Myanmar’s Political Economy,” The Chinese Economy, Vol.51, No.4. pp. 318-332.\nLim, Darren J. & Mukherjee, Rohan., 2017 /12. “What Money Can’t Buy: The Security Externalities of Chinese Economic Statecraft in Post-War Sri Lanka,” Asian Security, Vol. 15, No.2, pp. 73-92.\nMark, SiuSue & Zhang, Youyi, 2017/8. “From Impediment to Adaptation: Chinese Investments in Myanmar’s New Regulatory Environment,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.36, No.2, pp. 71–100.\nNgin, Chanrith & Verkoren, Willemijn, 2015/4. “Understanding Power in Hybrid Political Orders: Applying Stakeholder Analysis to Land Conflicts in Cambodia,” Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, Vol. 10, No.1, pp.25-39.\nPing, Jonathan H., 2013. “China`s Relations with India`s Neighbours: From Threat Avoidance to Alternative Development Opportunity,” Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol.21, No.1, pp.21-40.\nSoong, Jenn-Jaw & Aung, Kyaw Htet, 2020. “Myanmar’s Perception and Strategy toward China’s BRI Expansion on Three Major Projects Development: Hedging Strategic Framework with State-Market-Society Analysis,” The Chinese Economy, Vol 54, No.1(2020), pp.20-34.\nThan, Tin Maung Maung, 2003. “Myanmar and China: A Special Relationship?” Southeast Asian Affairs, vol. 2003, pp. 189-210.\nYao, Ying & Zhang, Youyi, 2018. “Public perception of Chinese investment in Myanmar and its political consequences: A survey experimental approach,” Policy Brief 53421, International Growth Centre.\n\n四、研究計畫\nBluhm, Richard & Gassebner, Martin & Langlotz, Sarah & Schaudt, Paul 2016. Fueling conflict? (De)escalation and bilateral aid. Discussion Paper Series No.619, University of Heidelberg Department of Economic.\nBrown, Graham & Stewart, Frances & Langer, Arnim, 2007. The Implications of Horizontal Inequality for Aid. Research Paper 2007/051, UNU-WIDER.\nIsaksson, Ann-Sofie, 2019. Chinese aid and local ethnic identification. Working Papers in Economics No.761, University of Gothenburg, Department of Economics.\nKobayashi, Takaaki, 2008. Evolution of Chinas Aid Policy Evolution of China’s aid policy. Working Paper No.27, Japan Bank for International Cooperation Institute.\n\n五、雜誌\nZiegle, Alan D. & Fox, Jefferson & Xu, Jianchu, 2009/5. “The Rubber Juggernaut,” Science Magazine. Vol. 324, No. 5930, pp. 1024-1025.\n\n六、網際網路\nAsh, Lucy, 2013, “Burma learns how to protest - against Chinese investors,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21028931>.\nAung, Htin Lynn, 2019, “BRI project set to benefit ASEAN countries, observers, leaders say,” Myanmar times, <https://www.mmtimes.com/news/bri-project-set-benefit-asean-countries-observers-leaders-say.html>.\nAung, Min Thein & Win, Zin Mar, 2013, “Hundreds Protest Pipeline in Burma’s Rakhine State,” Radio Free Asia, <https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/pipeline-04182013175129.html>.\nAung, Min Thein, 2018, “Hundreds in Myanmar Protest Lack of Payment For Land Confiscated For Pipeline Project,” Radio Free Asia, <https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/hundreds-in-myanmar-protest-lack-of-payment-for-land-confiscated-for-pipeline-project-03222018133100.html>.\nBBC News, 2012a. “Burma abolishes media censorship,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19315806>.\nBBC News, 2012b. “Monks protest in Burmese cities over mine crackdown,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20695156>.\nBBC News, 2014, “Profile: Myanmar President Thein Sein,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12358204>.\nBBC News, 2019, “Aung San Suu Kyi`s Myanmar dam dilemma with China,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48857781>.\nBeech, Hannah, 2010, “On Burmese New Year, a String of Attacks,” Time, <http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1982961,00.html>.\nBP Statistical Review of World Energy 68th edition, 2019, <https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf>\nBrunnstrom, David, 2016, “Obama announces lifting of U.S. sanctions on Myanmar”, Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-myanmar-sanctions-idUSKCN127262>.\nBurke, Jason & Win, Swe, 2012, “Burma: riot police move in to break up copper mine protest,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/29/burma-riot-police-mine-protest>.\nCai, Feifei & Zhang, Jialin & Chen, Jiyan, 2017, “The Social Responsibility of China’s OFDI and NGOs’ Engagement: Taking the Myanmar Letpaduang Copper Mining Project as an Example,” Social Resources Institute, <https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/SRI_The_Social_Responsibility_of_Chinas_OFDI_and_NGOs_Engagement.pdf>.\nCarrollk, Joshua, 2017, “Kyaukpyu Villagers Renew Calls to Suspend SEZ Project,” Myanmar Business Today, <https://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/kyaukpyu-villagers-renew-calls-suspend-sez-project>.\nChau, Thompson, 2019, “China-led port project inches ahead in Myanmar,” Asia Times, <https://asiatimes.com/2019/07/china-led-port-project-inches-ahead-in-myanmar/>.\nChu, Yin & Huang, Rihan, 2017, “Suspension of a Chinese Project in Myanmar due to Two Lies Believed by Local People,” International Herald Leader, <http://www.uachc.com/ucan/info/11975.aspx>.\nCrabtree, James, 2020, “China leaves rivals in the dust with influence in Myanmar,” NIKKEI Asia, < https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-leaves-rivals-in-the-dust-with-influence-in-Myanmar>.\nEbbighausen, Rodion, 2016, “Myanmar`s civilian government takes charge,” DW News, <https://www.dw.com/en/myanmars-civilian-government-takes-charge/a-19151103>.\nEnze Han, 2021, “Rumors are flying that China is behind the coup in Myanmar. That’s almost certainly wrong,” The Washington Post, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/rumors-are-flying-that-china-is-behind-coup-myanmar-thats-almost-certainly-wrong/>.\nFan, Hongwei, 2014, “Enmity in Myanmar against China”, ISEAS Perspective, < https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2014_08.pdf>.\nFerchen, Matt & Perera, Anarkalee, 2019, “Why Unsustainable Chinese Infrastructure Deals Are Two-Way Street,” Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, <https://carnegietsinghua.org/2019/07/23/why-unsustainable-chinese-infrastructure-deals-are-two-way-street-pub-79548>.\nGlobal New Light of Myanmar, 2020, “Time to start new chapter of millennia-old pauk-phaw friendship,”<https://www.gnlm.com.mm/time-to-start-new-chapter-of-millennia-old-pauk-phaw-friendship/>.\nHarvey, Rachel, 2011a, “Burma censor chief calls for more media freedom,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15227175>.\nHarvey, Rachel, 2011b, “Burma Dam: Why Myitsone Plan is Being Halted,” International Rivers, <https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/burma-dam-why-myitsone-plan-is-being-halted-2710>.\nHayton, Bill, 2014, “Vietnam-China tensions: Why protests are not just jingoism,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27435612>.\nHilton, Isabel, 2013 “China in Myanmar: implications for the future,” Norwegian Peace building Resource Center Report October 2013, <https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/172094/822f00b4d7da6439a3252789b404f006.pdf >.\nHookway, James. 2012, “Myanmar Passes Investment Law” The Wall Street Journal, <https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443589304577637322594562482>.\nHtoo, Naing & Zaw, Zaw & Curphey, Shauna & Magnuson, Jared & Donowitz, Paul & Smith, Matthew & Kaufman, Jonathan, 2011, “The Burma-China Pipelines: Human Rights Violations, Applicable Law, and Revenue Secrecy,” Situation Briefer, No. 1. Earthrights International, < https://earthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/the-burma-china-pipelines.pdf>.\nHtwe, Chan Mya, 2019, “Three Locations Identified for China-Myanmar Economic Corridor,” Myanmar Times, <https://www.mmtimes.com/news/three-locations-identified-china-myanmar-economic-corridor.html>.\nHuaxia, 2020, “Xinhua Headlines: Kyaukpyu port to become model project in China-Myanmar BRI cooperation,” Xinhua, <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/18/c_138716099.htm>.\nIvanhoe Capital, “Monywa Copper mines Fact Files,” 2012, <https://www.ivanhoecapital.com/site/assets/files/4039/monywa_fact_file_december_2012.pdf>.\nKachin News Group, 2010, “Junta Adamant About Continuing Dam Project Despite Blast,” Burma Partnership, <https://www.burmapartnership.org/2010/04/junta-adamant-about-continuing-dam-project-despite-blast/>.\nKodaka, Wataru & Nitta, Yuichi, 2017, “A new Myanmar oil pipeline helps China dodge US influence,” Nikkei Asia, < https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/A-new-Myanmar-oil-pipeline-helps-China-dodge-US-influence>.\nKumbun, Joe, 2019, “Why Is China In a Hurry to Revive the Myitsone Dam Projects?” The Irrawaddy, < https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/china-hurry-revive-myitsone-dam-projects.html>.\nKuo, Lily & Kommenda, Niko, 2018, “What is China`s Belt and Road Initiative?” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer>.\nKyaukpyu Township Environmental Assessment (2017), Myanmar Environment Institute. <https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Kyaukphyu_Township_Environment_Assessment_Report_Nov2017.pdf >.\nLintner, Bertil, 2017, “The People`s Republic of China and Burma: Not Only Pauk-Phaw,” Project 2049 Institute, < https://project2049.net/2017/05/09/the-peoples-republic-of-china-and-burma-not-only-pauk-phaw/>.\nLiu, John, 2020, “Myanmar breaks up Yangon New City For Tender,” Myanmar Times, < https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-breaks-yangon-new-city-tender.html>.\nLo, Nicholas, 2019, “Trouble for Belt and Road in Myanmar,” China Dialogue, <https://chinadialogue.net/en/business/11585-trouble-for-belt-and-road-in-myanmar-2/>.\nLwin, Nan, 2018a, “Gov’t Signs MoU with Beijing to Build China-Myanmar Economic Corridor,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/govt-signs-mou-beijing-build-china-myanmar-economic-corridor.html>.\nLwin, Nan, 2018b. “Govt Approves Sites For 3 New Economic Zones Along China Border,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/business/govt-approves-sites-3-new-economic-zones-along-china-border.html>.\nLwin, Nan, 2018c. “China Beating Japan in War for Economic Influence in Myanmar,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/china-beating-japan-war-economic-influence-myanmar.html>.\nLwin, Nan, 2019a, “Infographic: 30 Years of Chinese Investment in Myanmar,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/infographic-30-years-chinese-investment-myanmar.html>.\nLwin, Nan, 2019b, “China-Backed Muse-Mandalay Railway to Cost $9 Billion, ” The Irrawaddy, < https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/china-backed-muse-mandalay-railway-cost-9-billion.html>.\nLwin, Nan, 2021, “Myanmar, China to Conduct Feasibility Study on Mandalay-Kyaukphyu Rail Link,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-china-conduct-feasibility-study-mandalay-kyaukphyu-rail-link.html>.\nLynn, Kyaw Ye, 2020, “President Xi in Myanmar to push for BRI plan,” Anadolu Agency, <https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/president-xi-in-myanmar-to-push-for-bri-plan/1705647>.\nMartínez, Alier J & Rodríguez, Labajos B., 2011, The Myitsone dam in the Irrawady River (Burma – Myanmar), EJOLT Factsheet No. 1, <http://www.ejolt.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/111019_FS1_Irrawaddy-dam.pdf>.\nMatsui, Motokazu, 2017, “Myanmar’s foreign direct investment rush recedes,” Financial Times, <https://www.ft.com/content/f7bda5bc-e150-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb>.\nMclaughlin, Timothy & Tun, Aung Hla, “Myanmar`s new investment commission to tackle $2.3 billion backlog,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-investment-idUSKCN0YW13O>.\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2014/11/29. “The Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs was Held in Beijing,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, <https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1215680.shtml>.\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2017/11/20. “Wang Yi: China Proposes to Build China-Myanmar Economic Corridor,” <https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1512583.shtml>.\nMizzima News, 2012 “Copper mine opposition becoming sensitive Chinese issue,” Mizzima News, <https://web.archive.org/web/20121022011745/http://www.mizzima.com/business/8254-copper-mine-opposition-becoming-sensitive-chinese-issue.htm>.\nMoe Myint, 2018, “Villagers Fall Ill after Thousands of Dead Mussels Wash Ashore in Kyaukphyu,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/villagers-fall-ill-thousands-dead-mussels-wash-ashore-kyaukphyu.html>.\nMoe, Moe, 2019, “Loans from China Must Be Repaid ‘As Early As Possible’,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/loans-china-must-repaid-early-possible.html>.\nMyint, Moe, 2017, “Fishermen Protest Against Kyaukphyu Seaport,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/timeline-china-myanmar-relations.html>.\nNaim, Moises, 2009, “Rogue aid”, Foreign Policy, <https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/15/rogue-aid/>.\nNian, Peng, 2018, “Can China-Myanmar Economic Corridor overcome hurdles to progress?” Global times, <http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1111321.shtml>.\nNikkei Asian Review, 2017, “China`s projects in Vietnam earn reputation for poor quality, delays: Hanoi stuck with rising costs on `cheap` projects with poor expectancies,” NIKKEI Asian Review, <https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-projects-in-Vietnam-earn-reputation-for-poor-quality-delays2>.\nNitta, Yuichi, 2018, “Myanmar cuts cost of China-funded port project by 80%: Beijing yields as more countries become wary of Belt and Road debt trap,” NIKKEI Asia Review, <https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Myanmar-cuts-cost-of-China-funded-port-project-by-80>.\nNyane, Khin Maung & Lipes, Joshua, 2012, “Monks Join Mine Protests,” Radio Free Asia, < https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/mine-11202012173708.html>.\nNyein, Nyein, 2012, “Copper Mine Protest Earns Nationwide Support,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/copper-mine-protest-earns-nationwide-support.html>.\nOo, Soe Sandar, 2012, “Chinese Mining Firm Threatens Legal Action,” Myanmar Times, < https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2603-chinese-mining-firm-threatens-legal-action.html>.\nPerlez, Jane & Moe, Wai, 2016, “Visiting Beijing, Myanmar’s Aung San Suu Kyi Seeks to Mend Relations,” New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/asia/visiting-beijing-myanmars-aung-san-suu-kyi-seeks-to-mend-relations.html?_ga=2.39936683.800090557.1623837529-1207022989.1623837529>\nPoling, Gregory B., 2018, “Kyaukpyu: Connecting China to the Indian Ocean,” in China’s Maritime Silk Road: Strategic and Economic Implications for the Indo-Pacific Region, Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp. 4-6, < https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/180404_Szechenyi_ChinaMaritimeSilkRoad.pdf>.\nRakhmat, Muhammad Zulfikar & Indramawan, Dendy, 2019, “Belt and Road Initiative: Challenges for South and Southeast Asia,” Geopolitical monitor, < https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/belt-and-road-initiative-challenges-for-south-and-southeast-asia/>.\nReed, John, 2018, “Myanmar Reviews $9bn China-Backed Port Project on Cost Concerns,” Financial Times, <https://www.ft.com/content/f2f476d2-6575-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56>.\nReuters, 2012, “Muslim Rohingyas under &quot;vicious&quot; attack in Myanmar-rights group,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-violence/muslim-rohingyas-under-vicious-attack-in-myanmar-rights-group-idUSL3E8LR05520121027>.\nReuters, 2021, “EU and U.S. sanctions step up pressure on Myanmar military over coup,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-idUSKBN2BE074>.\nSimon Shen, 2016, “How China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Compares to the Marshall Plan,” The diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/how-chinas-belt-and-road-compares-to-the-marshall-plan/>.\nSlow, Oliver & Aung, Win Zar Ni & Mon, Ei Ei, 2019, “Left behind by the Letpadaung copper mine,” Frontier Myanmar, <https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/left-behind-by-the-letpadaung-copper-mine/>.\nSolomon, Feliz & Mandhana, Niharika, 2021, “Myanmar Coup: What’s Happening and Why Are There Protests?” The Wall Street Journal, <https://www.wsj.com/articles/myanmar-coup-aung-san-suu-kyi-11612169495>.\nSpetalnick, Matt & Mason,Jeff 2012, “Obama offers praise, pressure on historic Myanmar trip,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-obama-myanmar-idUSBRE8AI04320121119>.\nStorey, Ian, 2006, “China’s ‘Malacca Dilemma’”, China Brief Vol. 6, No.8, The Jamestown Foundation, < https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-malacca-dilemma/>.\nStorey, Ian, 2007, “China, Burma, and the Saffron Revolution,” China Brief, Vol.7, No.19, The Jamestone Foundation, <https://jamestown.org/program/china-burma-and-the-saffron-revolution-2/>.\nSudha Ramachandran, 2021, “China and the Myanmar Junta: A Marriage of Convenience,” China Brief, Vol.21, No.6, The Jamestown Foundation, <https://jamestown.org/program/china-and-the-myanmar-junta-a-marriage-of-convenience/>.\nSun, Guangyong, 2019, “China’s pipeline project brings 24-hour electricity supply to Myanmar,” Global Times, <http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1146125.shtml>.\nTan, Chee Meng, 2020, “Infrastructure investment and China’s image problem in Southeast Asia,” University of Nottingham Asia Research Institute, <https://theasiadialogue.com/2020/03/13/infrastructure-investment-and-chinas-image-problem-in-southeast-asia/ >.\nTha, Kyaw Phyo, 2019, “Myitsone Dam Flashback,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/myitsone-dam-flashback.html>.\nThe Economist, 2017, “Aung San Suu Kyi’s ideas about curbing attacks on Rohingyas won’t work,” The Economist, <https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/09/14/aung-san-suu-kyis-ideas-about-curbing-attacks-on-rohingyas-wont-work>.\nThe Irrawaddy, 2018, “Gov’t Inks Agreement with Chinese Firm to Develop Kyaukphyu SEZ,” The Irrawaddy, < https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/govt-inks-agreement-chinese-firm-develop-kyaukphyu-sez.html>.\nThe Irrawaddy, 2020, “TIMELINE: China-Myanmar Relations,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/timeline-china-myanmar-relations.html>\nThe Strait Times, 2018, “Chinese port project could land Myanmar in debt trap,” The Strait Times, <https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/chinese-port-project-could-land-myanmar-in-debt-trap>.\nTun, Aung Hla & Mclaughlin, Timothy, 2015, “China`s CITIC wins projects to develop Myanmar economic zone,” Reuter, <https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-citic-project-idUSL3N14K1D720151231>\nTun, Aung Hla, 2016, “Rush before power transfer pushes Myanmar FDI to record $9 billion,” Reuters, < https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-investment-idINKCN0X10XK >.\nTurner, Jennifer L. & Wu, Ada, 2011, “Step Lightly: China`s Ecological Impact on Southeast Asia,” Wilson Center China Environment Forum, <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/step-lightly-chinas-ecological-impact-southeast-asia>.\nVOA News, 2016, “China’s Plans in Myanmar at Odds with Local Expectations”, VOA News, < https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/chinas-plans-myanmar-odds-local-expectations>.\nWai, Phyo, 2019, “Is New Yangon City Project to be controlled by the CCCC or a foreign company with a threat to sovereignty, really needed?” Eleven Media, <https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/is-new-yangon-city-project-to-be-controlled-by-the-cccc-or-a-foreign-company-with-a-threat-to>.\nWang, Yamei, 2020, “Feature: How the development of Myanmar`s Kyaukpyu port won the hearts of locals,” Xinhua, <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138720186.htm>.\nWin Ko Ko Latt, 2019, “Arakan Army Voices Support For Big Chinese Projects in Myanmar’s Rakhine State,” Radio Free Asia, <https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/arakan-army-voices-support-07232019152712.html>.\nYang, Alan H., 2017, “Winning the Heart, not only Making Profits: Taiwan’s Southbound Practices vs. China’s Belt & Road Proximity,” University of Nottingham Asia Research Institute, <https://theasiadialogue.com/2017/09/15/winning%E2%80%8B-the-heart-not-only-making-profits-taiwans-southbound-practices-vs-chinas-belt-road-proximity/>.\nZhou, Laura, 2020,“Chinese President Xi Jinping wraps up Myanmar visit with string of infrastructure deals, including strategic Indian Ocean port,” South China Morning Post, <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3046694/chinese-president-xi-jinping-wraps-myanmar-visit-string>.
描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
107253011
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253011
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
301101.pdf16.16 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check

Altmetric

Altmetric


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.