極東邊民：《皇清職貢圖》裡的庫野

Abstract

當代學者對比十八、十九世紀清代中國和日本、俄國針對東北亞黑龍江下游及沿海進行的實測、圖繪調查資料，認為清朝記錄的庫野人和今日俄屬庫頁島、日本北海道所屬的阿伊努人同屬一族。乾隆年間敕纂的《皇清職貢圖》記錄的眾多族群中，包括庫野和其他同屬關東共七族，這當是清代中國較早出現且明確有所指的有關庫頁島原住族群的文獻，近現代中國學者討論庫頁島史地時也大多和《皇清職貢圖》有所關連。例如，十九世紀魏源、何秋濤、曹廷杰等代表性學者，他們引用及檢討清朝官書，描述庫頁島及原住居民，庫頁島儼然像是傳統領地，也沿襲了《皇清職貢圖》。雖然《皇清職貢圖》的圖說，早已無法滿足近代學者探知究竟的需求，卻也反映了《皇清職貢圖》的影響力。《皇清職貢圖》圖像及圖說並重，其諸多特徵不同於之前歷代《職貢圖》，尤其彩繪本還並列滿文圖說。《皇清職貢圖》強調徵實記錄、以圖像寫真，本文透過比較不同版本《皇清職貢圖》庫野圖像、滿漢文圖說，除了有助於了解諸本《皇清職貢圖》變異之處，也可確認庫野的圖像細節，並參照有關阿伊努人的圖像記錄，印證《皇清職貢圖》確有根據。

Based on the investigation and research of Heilongjiang and the coast of Northeast Asia by China, Japan, and Russia in the eighteen and nineteen centuries, contemporary scholars believed that the Kuye people recorded in the Qing dynasty as same as the Ainu people who inhabit in Sakhalin Island, Russia, and Hokkaido, Japan today. During the Qianlong period, Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples (Huwang Qing Zhigong Tu) was codified, which recorded many ethnic groups, including seven Mukden(Guandong) ethnic groups, Kuye and others. Also, this was earlier and clearer literatures of the original Sakhalin Aboriginal in China during the Qing Dynasty. When modern Chinese scholars talk about the history of Sakhalin is often related to Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples. In the nineteenth century, Wei Yuan, He Qiutao, Cao Tingjie, those iconic scholars quoted and reviewed Qing Dynasty official books, including Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples to describe Sakhalin Island and its indigenous residents. It seems that Sakhalin Island has always been an inherent territory of China. Although the inscription of Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples could not meet the needs of modern scholars to continue the further study, however, it still has an influence. The Inscriptions and illustrations of Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples are equally important, and its characteristic is different from Illustrations of Tributary Peoples in the previous dynasties. For instance, colored edition has Manchu description. To go on, Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples emphasizes the fact-finding record and the photo portrait. In this study, by comparing the Kuye images, Manchu description, and mandarin description from different versions of Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples, not only helps to understand the variation of Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples but also confirm the details of Kuye images. Also, in order to verify Imperial Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples is authentic, this study compares with referring the Image record about Ainu people.