營建工程契約解除與終止之研究- 以建立重大事由之終止權為核心

Abstract

營建工程契約原則上應適用我國民法承攬之規定，而雖承攬係屬一時性契約，理論上契約之解消應以解除為之，但基於工程契約之特性，若當事人僅得解約並將已完成部分拆除以回復原狀，事實上並不具可行性。惟有鑑於我國承攬僅定有定作人解除之規定，故實有建立承攬終止權之必要。\n然基於當事人之終止權係屬形成權而以法定為必要，我國於理論上尚根本未建立契約終止之一般原則，故本文以德國民法繼續性契約及承攬契約重大事由終止權之立法進成為參考，試從我國繼續性契約之一般終止原則開始建立，以作為承攬重大事由終止權發生之基礎。\n而對於契約解消後之法律效果，我國係採履行利益賠償主義，債務人應使債權人之財產狀態回復至如同契約已履行時應有之狀態，故一切與債務人義務違反有相當因果關係之損害皆應賠償。因此若定作人有因重新招標而增加費用之支出，或承攬人有因此無法取得工作未完成部分之利潤者，皆應屬典型因債務人不履行而生之損害，債權人應得請求賠償。\n最後，參酌工程會所訂定之工程採購契約範本，其對於契約解消要件之約定，原則上皆以具有重大性為前提，而符合承攬之重大終止原則。故比起我國現行民法，契約範本毋寧為一更貼近現行工程實務之契約原則。惟仍應認為，民法既為工程契約之基礎，最終仍有賴民法重大事由終止權之建立，以為承攬終止權之基礎。

Generally, the construction contract shall be subject to the provisions of Taiwan civil law, especially the contract for work. Although the contract is a one-time contract, theoretically the contract should be rescinded. However, based on the characteristics of the construction contract, if the contract can only be rescinded, it occurs to the effect of restoring to status quo ante. But it is in fact not feasible. So instead, using a contract termination to cease the validity of a contract is deemed to be a more adequate method.\nWhile based on the fact that the party’s right to terminate is a formation and statutory right, that Taiwan Civil Law doesn’t explicitly give the two parties the right to terminate a construction contract, so it is necessary to establish a general principle for the termination of the construction contract. According to German civil law, there is a general rule for the termination of continuing contract and the construction contract based on material grounds. Thus, this article tries to establish the general termination principle of continuation contracts in our country as the basis for the occurrence of termination rights in the construction contract.\nFurthermore, whether the contract is terminated or rescinded, the claim for compensation of non-Fulfillment of debt should not be precluded. Therefore, all damages that are causally related to the breach of contract should be compensated.\nThe proprietor claiming damages may recover the re-tender costs. And on the other side, the contractor may claim for the recovery of anticipatory profits and consequential damages.\nLastly, referring to the Model Contract for Construction Procurement set by the Public Construction Commission, the parties have the right to claim to terminate the contract because of material grounds. Therefore, compared with our current civil law, the model contract is rather closer to the current construction practice. While it is believed that the establishment of the general termination rule is necessary for our legal system.