Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/139293| 題名: | 性別敏感的氣候適應援助：以小島型開發中國家為例 Gender-sensitive Climate Adaptation Aid: Evidence from Small Island Developing States |
作者: | 蒲蓉 Pu, Rong |
貢獻者: | 張文揚 Chang, Wen-Yang 蒲蓉 Pu, Rong |
關鍵詞: | 性別平等 脆弱性 性別敏感的氣候適應援助分配 Gender equality Vulnerability Gender-sensitive climate adaptation aid allocation |
日期: | 2022 | 上傳時間: | 1-Mar-2022 | 摘要: | 公平和正義是氣候適應的核心問題，然而氣候資金的獲取和分配研究卻很少討論到正義和平等問題，尤其是性別平等。本文認為，受援國的性別平等狀況，尤其是健康、經濟和教育方面的性別平等影響了性別敏感的氣候適應援助分配。援助國傾向於援助那些性別更不平等的受援國，以幫助他們改變自身的不平等狀況。在驗證上， 本文採用 2010– 2019 年之間 29個援助國和小島嶼開發中國家的性別敏感的氣候適應援助承諾資料，實證結果除了支援上述見解以外，也有研究和政策意涵。 Equity and justice are central issues in climate adaptation, yet research on access and distribution of climate finance rarely addresses issues of justice and equality, particularly gender equality. This paper argues that the gender equality in recipient countries, particularly in health, economics and education, influences the allocation of gender-sensitive climate adaptation aid. Donors tend to assist recipients who are less gender-equal to help them reduce the inequality. This paper uses data on gender-sensitive climate adaptation aid commitments received by Small Island Developing States between 2010 and 2019, and the empirical results have research and policy implications in addition to supporting those findings. |
參考文獻: | ALBER, G. & ROEHR, U. 2006. Climate Protection: What`s Gender Got to Do with It? WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENTS INTERNATIONAL, 70, 17.\nALHASSAN, S. I., KUWORNU, J. K. & OSEI-ASARE, Y. B. 2019. Gender dimension of vulnerability to climate change and variability: Empirical evidence of smallholder farming households in Ghana. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management.\nASAMOAH, B., KJELLSTROM, T. & ÖSTERGREN, P.-O. 2018. Is ambient heat exposure levels associated with miscarriage or stillbirths in hot regions? A cross-sectional study using survey data from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007. International Journal of Biometeorology, 62, 319-330.\nASONGU, S., MESSONO, O. O. & GUTTEMBERG, K. T. 2021. Women political empowerment and vulnerability to climate change: evidence from developing countries. AGDI Working Paper.\nATMADJA, S., LESTARI, H., DJOUDI, H., LISWANTI, N. & TAMARA, A. 2020. Making climate finance work for women and the poor: Insights from national climate finance mechanisms in Indonesia, CIFOR.\nATTERIDGE, A. & CANALES, N. 2017. Climate finance in the Pacific: an overview of flows to the region`s Small island developing states, Stockholm Environment Institute.\nAYERS, J. M. & ABEYSINGHE, A. C. 2013. International aid and adaptation to climate change. The Handbook of Global Climate and Environmental Policy, 486-506.\nAYERS, J. M. & HUQ, S. 2009. Supporting adaptation to climate change: what role for official development assistance? Development Policy Review, 27, 675-692.\nBAATZ, C. & BOURBAN, M. 2019. Distributing scarce adaptation finance across SIDS: Effectiveness, not efficiency. Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation?, 77.\nBARNETT, J. & WATERS, E. 2016. Rethinking the Vulnerability of Small Island States: Climate Change and Development in the Pacific Islands. In: GRUGEL, J. & HAMMETT, D. (eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of International Development. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.\nBARRETT, S. 2014. Subnational Climate Justice? Adaptation Finance Distribution and Climate Vulnerability. World Development, 58, 130-142.\nBERTHéLEMY, J.-C. 2006. Bilateral Donors’ Interest vs. Recipients’ Development Motives in Aid Allocation: Do All Donors Behave the Same? Review of Development Economics, 10, 179-194.\nBETZOLD, C. 2016. Aid and adaptation to climate change in Pacific island countries. Development Policy Centre Discussion Paper.\nBICKENBACH, F., MBELU, A. & NUNNENKAMP, P. 2019. Is foreign aid concentrated increasingly on needy and deserving recipient countries? An analysis of Theil indices, 1995–2015. World Development, 115, 1-16.\nBRACKING, S. 2015. The Anti-Politics of Climate Finance: The Creation and Performativity of the Green Climate Fund. Antipode, 47, 281-302.\nBRECH, V. & POTRAFKE, N. 2014. Donor ideology and types of foreign aid. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42, 61-75.\nBROOKS, N., NEIL ADGER, W. & MICK KELLY, P. 2005. The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 15, 151-163.\nBUNCE, A., FORD, J., HARPER, S. & EDGE, V. 2016. Vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Inuit women to climate change: a case study from Iqaluit, Nunavut. Natural Hazards, 83, 1419-1441.\nCANALES, N., ATTERIDGE, A. & STURESSON, A. 2017. Climate finance for the Indian Ocean and African small island developing states, Stockholm Environment Institute.\nCIL, G. & CAMERON, T. A. 2017. Potential Climate Change Health Risks from Increases in Heat Waves: Abnormal Birth Outcomes and Adverse Maternal Health Conditions. Risk Analysis, 37, 2066-2079.\nDESAI, Z. & ZHANG, Y. 2021. Climate Change and Women`s Health: A Scoping Review. GeoHealth, 5, e2021GH000386.\nDONNER, S. D., KANDLIKAR, M. & WEBBER, S. 2016. Measuring and tracking the flow of climate change adaptation aid to the developing world. Environmental Research Letters, 11, 054006.\nDOSHI, D. & GARSCHAGEN, M. 2020. Understanding Adaptation Finance Allocation: Which Factors Enable or Constrain Vulnerable Countries to Access Funding? Sustainability, 12.\nDREHER, A., GEHRING, K. & KLASEN, S. 2015. Gesture politics or real commitment? Gender inequality and the allocation of aid. World Development, 70, 464-480.\nDREHER, A., NUNNENKAMP, P. & THIELE, R. 2011. Are ‘new’donors different? Comparing the allocation of bilateral aid between nonDAC and DAC donor countries. World Development, 39, 1950-1968.\nDUFLO, E. 2012. Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic literature, 50, 1051-79.\nDUNN, L. 2014. Gender, development and education in Caribbean SIDS.\nDUUS-OTTERSTRöM, G. 2016. Allocating climate adaptation finance: examining three ethical arguments for recipient control. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16, 655-670.\nECKSTEIN, D., KüNZEL, V., SCHäFER, L. & WINGES, M. 2019. Global climate risk index 2020. Bonn: Germanwatch.\nEL KHANJI, S. 2021. Donors’ Interest in Water and Sanitation Subsectors. The European Journal of Development Research, 1-44.\nERGAS, C. & YORK, R. 2012. Women’s status and carbon dioxide emissions: A quantitative cross-national analysis. Social Science Research, 41, 965-976.\nESAREY, J. & CHIRILLO, G. 2013. “Fairer sex” or purity myth? Corruption, gender, and institutional context. Politics & Gender, 9, 361-389.\nFANKHAUSER, S. & MCDERMOTT, T. K. J. 2014. Understanding the adaptation deficit: Why are poor countries more vulnerable to climate events than rich countries? Global Environmental Change, 27, 9-18.\nFEINDOUNO, S., GUILLAUMONT, P. & SIMONET, C. 2020. The physical vulnerability to climate change index: An index to be used for international policy. Ecological Economics, 176, 106752.\nFERRY, L. L., HAFNER-BURTON, E. M. & SCHNEIDER, C. J. 2020. Catch me if you care: International development organizations and national corruption. The Review of International Organizations, 15, 767-792.\nFIELD, C. B., BARROS, V., STOCKER, T. F. & DAHE, Q. 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press.\nFREEDOM HOUSE, T. 2020. Freedom in the world 2020, Freedom House.\nFUCHS, A. & RICHERT, K. 2018. Development minister characteristics and aid giving. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 186-204.\nFüSSEL, H.-M. 2010. How inequitable is the global distribution of responsibility, capability, and vulnerability to climate change: A comprehensive indicator-based assessment. Global Environmental Change, 20, 597-611.\nGIZELIS, T.-I. 2009. Gender empowerment and United Nations peacebuilding. Journal of Peace Research, 46, 505-523.\nGIZELIS, T.-I. 2011. A country of their own: Women and peacebuilding. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 28, 522-542.\nGRECKSCH, K. & KLöCK, C. 2020. Access and allocation in climate change adaptation. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 20, 271-286.\nHALIMANJAYA, A. & PAPYRAKIS, E. 2015. Donor characteristics and the allocation of aid to climate mitigation finance. Climate Change Economics, 06, 1550014.\nHCE 2015. Les Femmes, actrices de la lutte contre le dereglement climatique. In: FRANCE, H. C. A. L. E. I. (ed.).\nHDR 2020. Human Development Reports Technical Note. In: UNDP (ed.).\nHICKS, D. L., HICKS, J. H. & MALDONADO, B. 2016. Women as policy makers and donors: Female legislators and foreign aid. European Journal of Political Economy, 41, 46-60.\nHICKS, D. L. & MALDONADO, B. 2020. Do foreign aid donors reward recipients for improving gender outcomes? Applied economics letters, 27, 46-51.\nHICKS, R., PARKS, B., ROBERTS, J. & TIERNEY, M. 2008. To areas of need, opportunity, or strategic interest? Explaining which countries receive environmental aid and why. Greening Aid, 1, 91-123.\nHOEFFLER, A. & OUTRAM, V. 2011. Need, merit, or self‐interest—what determines the allocation of aid? Review of Development Economics, 15, 237-250.\nHORNSEY, M. J., HARRIS, E. A., BAIN, P. G. & FIELDING, K. S. 2016. Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6, 622-626.\nJIN, J., WANG, X. & GAO, Y. 2015. Gender differences in farmers` responses to climate change adaptation in Yongqiao District, China. Science of The Total Environment, 538, 942-948.\nJON, B., ELISSA, W. & SAM, P. 2013. Barriers to adaptation to sea-level rise.\nJONES, R. C. & SWISS, L. 2014. Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending. Sociological Forum, 29, 571-586.\nKAIJSER, A. & KRONSELL, A. 2014. Climate change through the lens of intersectionality. Environmental politics, 23, 417-433.\nKAUFMANN, D. & KRAAY, A. 2008. Governance indicators: Where are we, where should we be going? The World Bank Research Observer, 23, 1-30.\nKEIJZER, N. & LUNDSGAARDE, E. 2018. When ‘unintended effects’ reveal hidden intentions: Implications of ‘mutual benefit’ discourses for evaluating development cooperation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 68, 210-217.\nKELMAN, I. 2014. No change from climate change: vulnerability and small island developing states. The Geographical Journal, 180, 120-129.\nKEOHANE, R. O. 1996. Analyzing the effectiveness of international environmental institutions. Institutions for environmental aid, 3-28.\nKHAN, M., ROBINSON, S.-A., WEIKMANS, R., CIPLET, D. & ROBERTS, J. T. 2020. Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens. Climatic Change, 161, 251-269.\nKLEEMANN, L., NUNNENKAMP, P. & THIELE, R. 2016. Gender inequality, female leadership and aid allocation: a panel analysis of aid for education. Journal of International Development, 28, 376-395.\nKLöCK, C. & FAGOTTO, I. 2020. The Landscape of Adaptation Aid in SIDS.\nKLöCK, C., MOLENAERS, N. & WEILER, F. 2018. Responsibility, capacity, greenness or vulnerability? What explains the levels of climate aid provided by bilateral donors? Environmental Politics, 27, 892-916.\nMANN, T. & WESTPHAL, H. 2016. Multi-decadal shoreline changes on Takú Atoll, Papua New Guinea: Observational evidence of early reef island recovery after the impact of storm waves. Geomorphology, 257, 75-84.\nMASOZERA, M., BAILEY, M. & KERCHNER, C. 2007. Distribution of impacts of natural disasters across income groups: A case study of New Orleans. Ecological Economics, 63, 299-306.\nMAWDSLEY, E. 2017. National interests and the paradox of foreign aid under austerity: Conservative governments and the domestic politics of international development since 2010. The Geographical Journal, 183, 223-232.\nMAYER, T. & ZIGNAGO, S. 2011. Notes on CEPII’s distances measures: The GeoDist database.\nMCCRIGHT, A. M. 2010. The effects of gender on climate change knowledge and concern in the American public. Population and Environment, 32, 66-87.\nMCCRIGHT, A. M. & DUNLAP, R. E. 2011. Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States. Global Environmental Change, 21, 1163-1172.\nMCGILLIVRAY, M., NAUDé, W. & SANTOS-PAULINO, A. U. 2010. Vulnerability, trade, financial flows and state failure in small island developing states. The Journal of Development Studies, 46, 815-827.\nMCLEOD, E., ARORA-JONSSON, S., MASUDA, Y. J., BRUTON-ADAMS, M., EMAUROIS, C. O., GORONG, B., HUDLOW, C. J., JAMES, R., KUHLKEN, H., MASIKE-LIRI, B., MUSRASRIK-CARL, E., OTZELBERGER, A., RELANG, K., REYUW, B. M., SIGRAH, B., STINNETT, C., TELLEI, J. & WHITFORD, L. 2018. Raising the voices of Pacific Island women to inform climate adaptation policies. Marine Policy, 93, 178-185.\nMEINZEN-DICK, R., KOVARIK, C. & QUISUMBING, A. R. 2014. Gender and sustainability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39, 29-55.\nMIKULEWICZ, M. 2018. Politicizing vulnerability and adaptation: on the need to democratize local responses to climate impacts in developing countries. Climate and Development, 10, 18-34.\nMONTINOLA, G. R. & PRINCE, S. M. 2018. Women’s Empowerment and Foreign Aid Effectiveness. QoG Working Paper Series, 2018, 6.\nMUTTARAK, R. & LUTZ, W. 2014. Is education a key to reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and hence unavoidable climate change? Ecology and society, 19.\nMUTTARAK, R. & POTHISIRI, W. 2013. The role of education on disaster preparedness: case study of 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes on Thailand’s Andaman Coast. Ecology and Society, 18.\nMYCOO, M. A. 2018. Beyond 1.5 C: Vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies for Caribbean small island developing states. Regional environmental change, 18, 2341-2353.\nNAGAE, A., KATAYAMA, H. & TAKASE, K. 2022. Donor aid allocation and accounting standards of recipients. Economic Modelling, 106, 105702.\nNEUMAYER, E. 2004. The environment, left-wing political orientation and ecological economics. Ecological Economics, 51, 167-175.\nNEUMAYER, E. & PLüMPER, T. 2007. The gendered nature of natural disasters: The impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97, 551-566.\nNUNN, P. & KUMAR, R. 2018. Understanding climate-human interactions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Implications for future livelihood sustainability. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management.\nNURSE, L. A., MCLEAN, R. F., AGARD, J., BRIGUGLIO, L. P., DUVAT-MAGNAN, V., PELESIKOTI, N., TOMPKINS, E. & WEBB, A. 2014. Small islands. Cambridge University Press.\nODERA, J. A. & MULUSA, J. 2020. SDGs, gender equality and women’s empowerment: what prospects for delivery. Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights, 95.\nOECD 2015. Making climate finance work for women: Overview of the integration of gender equality in aid to climate change.\nOKUNDAYE, G. & BREUNING, M. 2021. Is the Expansion of Women’s Access to Political Leadership Rewarded? Evidence from the Allocation of US Foreign Aid. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 42, 225-242.\nORTNER, S. B. 1972. Is female to male as nature is to culture? Feminist studies, 1, 5-31.\nPEARSON, A. R., BALLEW, M. T., NAIMAN, S. & SCHULDT, J. P. 2017. Race, class, gender and climate change communication. Oxford research encyclopedia of climate science.\nPETERSON, L. & SKOVGAARD, J. 2019. Bureaucratic politics and the allocation of climate finance. World Development, 117, 72-97.\nRAHMAN, M. S. & GIESSEN, L. 2017. Formal and Informal Interests of Donors to Allocate Aid: Spending Patterns of USAID, GIZ, and EU Forest Development Policy in Bangladesh. World Development, 94, 250-267.\nROBINSON, S.-A. & DORNAN, M. 2017. International financing for climate change adaptation in small island developing states. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 1103-1115.\nROMáN, M. V., ARTO, I. & ANSUATEGI, A. 2019. International trade and the distribution of economy-wide benefits from the disbursement of climate finance. Climate and Development, 11, 639-654.\nROSS, M. 1996. Conditionality and logging reform in the tropics. Institutions for Environmental Aid: Pitfalls and Promise, 167-98.\nSCANDURRA, G., THOMAS, A., PASSARO, R., BENCINI, J. & CARFORA, A. 2020. Does climate finance reduce vulnerability in Small Island Developing States? An empirical investigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120330.\nSCHWAB, K., SAMANS, R., ZAHIDI, S., LEOPOLD, T. A., RATCHEVA, V., HAUSMANN, R. & TYSON, L. D. The global gender gap report 2017. 2017. World Economic Forum.\nSHANTHI, B., MAHALAKSHMI, P. & CHANDRASEKARAN, V. 2017. Assessment of challenges faced by the coastal women due to the impact of climatic change in selected coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, India.\nSTADELMANN, M., PERSSON, Å., RATAJCZAK-JUSZKO, I. & MICHAELOWA, A. 2014. Equity and cost-effectiveness of multilateral adaptation finance: are they friends or foes? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14, 101-120.\nSTONE, R. 2002. Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post. Communist TransitionqPrinceton University Press.\nTHIELE, R., NUNNENKAMP, P. & DREHER, A. 2007. Do donors target aid in line with the Millennium Development Goals? A sector perspective of aid allocation. Review of World Economics, 143, 596-630.\nTHOMAS, A., BAPTISTE, A., MARTYR-KOLLER, R., PRINGLE, P. & RHINEY, K. 2020. Climate change and small island developing states. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45, 1-27.\nTORTORA, P. & SOARES, R. A. 2017. Climate and disaster resilience financing in Small Island Developing States. The World Bank.\nUN COMTRADE DATABASE, T. 2020. UN Comtrade Database. In: UN (ed.).\nUNDP 2017a. Gender and climate change: Overview of linkages between gender and climate change. In: YORK, T. U. N. D. P. N. (ed.).\nUNDP 2017b. Gender and Climate Finance\nUNDP 2019. Gender Analysis and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) In: UNDP (ed.).\nUNDP 2020. Human Development Reports_Technical notes.\nUNISDR 2009. Making Disaster Risk Reduction Gender-Sensitive. In: UNISDR, U. A. I. (ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR, UNDP and IUCN.\nVAN DER LINDEN, S. 2015. The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124.\nWATSON, C., PATEL, S., DURAND, A. & SCHALATEK, L. 2016. Climate finance briefing: small island developing states. Climate Finance Fundamentals.\nWEBBER, S. 2013. Performative vulnerability: climate change adaptation policies and financing in Kiribati. Environment and Planning A, 45, 2717-2733.\nWEILER, F., KLöCK, C. & DORNAN, M. 2018. Vulnerability, good governance, or donor interests? The allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. World Development, 104, 65-77.\nWELLS, B. & WIRTH, D. 1997. Remediating development through an ecofeminist lens. Ecofeminism: Women, culture, nature, 300-313.\nWILLIAMS, M. 2017. Climate Finance: Why Does It Matter for Women? Financing for Gender Equality. Springer.\nWONG, S. 2016. Can climate finance contribute to gender equity in developing countries? Journal of International Development, 28, 428-444.\nWORLD BANK, T. 2020.\nXIAO, C. & HONG, D. 2010. Gender differences in environmental behaviors in China. Population and Environment, 32, 88-104.\nYOON, M. Y. & MOON, C. 2018. Gender equality in politics at home and promotion of gender equality in politics abroad: The role of bilateral official development assistance. International Political Science Review, 40, 161-180.\nYOUNG, I. M. 1990. Princeton University Press.\n張文揚 2019. 不識字又兼無衛生? 論自然資源在公共衛生與教育中對女性的影響, 1960–2017. 人文及社會科學集刊, 31, 467-516. | 描述: | 碩士 國立政治大學 外交學系 107253023 |
資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253023 | 資料類型: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | 學位論文 |
Files in This Item:
| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 302301.pdf | 2.09 MB | Adobe PDF2 | View/Open |
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.